1.comparisons
[U] 比較
He showed us a good tyre for comparison. 他給我們一個(gè)好輪胎作比較。
comparison of A to/and/with B, comparison between A and B A和B的比較
It is often useful to make a comparison between two things.
將兩件事物相比較往往是有益的。
bear/stand comparison with sb./sth. 比得上某人/某物
That’s a good dictionary, but it doesn’t bear comparison with this one.
那是本好字典，但比不上這本。
by/in comparison with sb./sth. 相比之下，比較起來
The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with those in New York.
Learning through doing means being active in exploring the environment and finding out about things by moving and touching. 在實(shí)踐中學(xué)習(xí)意味著積極地探索環(huán)境，通過觸摸去了解事物。
此句中注意…by doing sth 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，用來表示通過某種方式或手段。本文中出現(xiàn)的還有：
Students who find it easiest to learn a new concept by hearing a teacher explain it are learning through listening.
有一些學(xué)生，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)會(huì)一個(gè)新概念的最簡單的方法是聽老師解釋，這些學(xué)生是通過聽來學(xué)的。
compareA with B A和B的比較
2.People aged 15 and over who are unable or find it very difficult to read.
十五歲及以上不識(shí)字或識(shí)字有困難的人。
（1）這不是一個(gè)句子。句中的people被形容詞短語aged 15 and over 和定語從句who are unable or find it very difficult to read 限定。
（2）aged 形容詞。
①本句中意為“有…歲的，…年紀(jì)的�！�
Among the smokers, about 20 percent of them are children aged between 13 and 15 years old.
百分之二十的吸煙者是13至15歲的兒童。
In the morning old people get up early and practice Qigong in groups in parks, and a lot of middle-aged
people dance together.清晨，老年人早起在公園里成群地練氣功，中年人在一起跳舞。
② aged 還有“年老的”意思。 “the aged”指“老年人”。
The sick and the aged need our help.這些病人和老年人需要我們的幫助。
The aged woman was wrinkled and bent.這個(gè)老婦人滿臉皺紋，佝僂著腰。
3.strict adj.嚴(yán)格的 嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)�，�?yán)密的
注意:be strict with sb./in sth.
We should maintain strict discipline.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)保持嚴(yán)格的紀(jì)律。
Her parents are strict with her.她的父母對(duì)她要求很嚴(yán)格。
Our teacher is strict in his work.我們的老師對(duì)工作非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。
完全的，絕對(duì)的 常用短語：strict secrecy 絕密
4.a heavy workload（P.102）
She has a very heavy workload.她的工作量很重。
The machine can't cope with such a heavy load.這臺(tái)機(jī)器承擔(dān)不了這么中的工作負(fù)荷。
load負(fù)荷；負(fù)擔(dān)；載重 ；裝載量; [喻]負(fù)擔(dān); 重任, 工作量
The truck was carrying a load of bananas.卡車裝了滿滿一車的香蕉。
a bus-load of schoolchildren滿滿一公共汽車的學(xué)童
a heavy teaching/learning load沉重的教學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)
[pl. ]許多, 大量, 一大堆loads of friends/money大批朋友= a load of
vt, vi（常與up, with連用）裝，裝滿，載滿
We loaded the truck with bananas. 我們把香蕉裝上卡車。=We loaded the bananas into the van/lorry.
I was loaded down with the heavy luggage.這件大行李把我壓得挺不起腰來。
Have you had your gun loaded?你的槍上了子彈嗎?
Don’t move ! The gun is loaded. load a camera (with film)把膠卷裝入照相機(jī)
load sb. with praise對(duì)某人大加頌揚(yáng) bear a load on one 's shoulders挑起重?fù)?dān)
cast [lay] the load on [upon]把責(zé)任推給... take a load off one’s mind 消除思想負(fù)擔(dān)
5.In 1986,the Chinese government introduced a law stating that by the year 2000 every Chinese child would have nine years of compulsory education. 在1986年，中國政府提出了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于在2000年以前每個(gè)中國孩子將會(huì)接受九年義務(wù)教育的法律。
compulsory adj.強(qiáng)迫的， 強(qiáng)制的； 義務(wù)的； 必修的
compulsory measures強(qiáng)迫手段 compulsory legislation強(qiáng)制性立法
compulsory subjects必修科目 compulsory service system義務(wù)兵役制
Which subjects are compulsory in your school?在你們學(xué)校里，哪些課程是必修的？
Education is compulsory for all children in Britain between the age of 5 and 16.
在英國5歲到16歲的兒童都要接受義務(wù)教育。
6.Although there were several problems in reaching this target,the outcome was highly successful.
盡管在達(dá)成這個(gè)目標(biāo)方面有一些問題，但是結(jié)果還是很成功的。
highly 與high 區(qū)別; close 與closely 區(qū)別
Do you see that butterfly flying high above the street?你是否看見那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飛舞著？
The distinguished guests were highly praised.貴賓們受到了高度贊揚(yáng)。
引申：Suddenly the door was ______and in came Mr. Wang.
A. open wide B. widely open C. wide opened D. open widely
（答案為C，由前面的suddenly可見，此句強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，故用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，而不用形容詞，wide與widely都有副詞，但是意義不同，他們的區(qū)別好象deep/deeply，high/highly，close/closely）
7.It is reported that 99% of school-age in China attended primary school by 2004.
據(jù)報(bào)道，在2004年以前，中國99％的學(xué)齡兒童能進(jìn)入小學(xué)。
It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道。。。
類似的句型還有：it is said/ believed/hoped/announced that …
8.In China,as in other countries,the government realizes that the future welfare of its citizens is closely linked
to education. 如同在其他國家一樣，中國政府意識(shí)到中國市民的將來福利與教育密切相連。
(1) as in other countries,相當(dāng)于as it is in other countries, it 指代的是后面提到的情形。
In India, as in China, you can enjoy ancient culture and attractive scenery.
在印度，正如在中國，你可以領(lǐng)略到古老的文化和迷人的風(fēng)景。
(2) be closely linked to “與…緊密相關(guān)的”。由“l(fā)ink sth to(with) sth”而來，意為：“使和…聯(lián)系起來”。
相當(dāng)于“be related to”.
Ice and snow are closely linked to the lives of Canadians.冰與雪與加拿大人的生活緊密相關(guān)。
Violence is the activity that has been most frequently linked with the consequences of TV.
暴力行為往往與看電視的后果相聯(lián)系。
9.When the World Education Forum met in 2000,it calculated that here were 113 million children not in
schoool.At the Forum,the member countries of the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Culture
Organisation(UNESCO)made a commitment to provide “complete,free and compulsory primary education of
good quality for all children by 2015”.They called this goal”Education For All”.These countries are now
trying to get every child into school,and they are experiencing smiliar difficulties to those that China faces.
在2000年召開的世界教育論壇會(huì)上，計(jì)算出有一億一千三百萬個(gè)孩子未進(jìn)入學(xué)校。在論壇會(huì)上，聯(lián)合教育成員國，科學(xué)和文化組織（UNESCO）做了一個(gè)承諾，目的是去提供“在2015年之前，為所有孩子提供完全免費(fèi)的高質(zhì)量的義務(wù)教育”。他們稱這個(gè)目標(biāo)為 “全民教育“�，F(xiàn)在，這些國家正努力去爭取讓每一個(gè)孩子都入學(xué)，而且他們也正經(jīng)歷著類似于中國所面臨的困難。
commitment 承諾；責(zé)任；承擔(dān)義務(wù)
The general has repeated his commitment to holding elections as soon as possible.
將軍重申了盡快進(jìn)行選舉的承諾。
I've taken on too many commitments.我承擔(dān)的義務(wù)太多了。
忠誠，信奉，支持
The company’s success this year would not have been possible without the commitment and dedication of the
staff. 如果沒有員工的奉獻(xiàn)精神，公司今年的成功是不可能的。
face to face 面對(duì)面地
I rushed out of the office and found myself face-to-face with the boss.我沖出辦公室,面對(duì)面地碰上了老板。
The burglar turned the corner and found himself face to face with a policeman.
那竊賊轉(zhuǎn)過墻角，面對(duì)面碰上一個(gè)警察。
in the face of 不顧；面對(duì)，在…前面
He succeeded in the face of great difficulties. 盡管有巨大的困難，但他成功了。
be faced with 面臨
I realized that Hamlet was faced with an entirely different problem.
我意識(shí)到Hamlet面臨著完全不同的問題。
The state is now faced with the immediate question of raising new taxes. 國家面臨緊迫的問題，收新稅。
10.To begin with, it is important to creat a positive attitude.In areas where agriculture plays an important
role,people do not attach importance to education,and parents are skeptical of anything that takes children
away from their work on the farm. 首先，創(chuàng)造一個(gè)積極的態(tài)度是一個(gè)重要的開端。在農(nóng)業(yè)為主體的地區(qū)，
人們不重視教育，家長們對(duì)不讓孩子們參加地里勞作的做法很有疑慮。
▲to begin with 首先，第一， 起初
I’m not going. To begin with I haven’t a ticket, and secondly I don’t like the play.
我不去。一來我沒票，二來我不喜歡這出戲。
To begin with he had no money, but later he became quite rich. 他起初沒錢，可是后來相當(dāng)富有了。
To begin with, we must consider the faculties of the staff all-sidedly.
首先,我們必須全面地考慮全體員工的素質(zhì)。
類似詞組有：to start with; to tell the truth; to be honest; to be frank; to make things worse
▲attach importance to
Do you attach any importance to what he said? 你認(rèn)為他說的話重要嗎？
關(guān)于attach 的其他用法請(qǐng)參看第五單元和第十單元
▲sceptical adj.懷疑論的; 不可知論的；懷疑宗教教條的; 懷疑的
He was skeptical about the announcement by the government.他對(duì)政府的通告表示懷疑。
(suspect /suspicious /suspicion)
be [fell] suspicious of [about]對(duì)...懷疑
I am suspicious of that woman - I think she may have stolen something from our shop.
.....我懷疑她有可能從我們商店偷了什么東西
I have a suspicion that she is not telling the truth.我懷疑她在說謊。
可疑的, 令人懷疑的suspicious actions可疑的行為
多疑的, 對(duì)...起疑心的(of, about) The ignorant are suspicious.無知者多疑。
sceptic 懷疑論者 scepticism 懷疑論，懷疑主義
Unit 11 suspect(P.93)
疑有,察覺
The tiger suspected danger and ran away.老虎意識(shí)到危險(xiǎn)便逃跑了。
懷疑,不信任
We suspected their honesty. 我們不相信他們是誠實(shí)的。
懷疑(某人犯有過錯(cuò))[+of] [+(that)]
The police suspected Bill of having done it. = The police suspected that Bill did it.
警察懷疑那件事是比爾干的。
復(fù)習(xí)對(duì)比：
The police accused him of murder.= The police charged him with murder.警方指控他謀殺。
The police accused him of stealing. 警方控告他犯有盜竊罪。
猜想;料想 [+(that)]
I suspect they'll come.我想他們會(huì)來的。
n.嫌疑犯;可疑分子[C]
11.It has to be explained how the child,the family and the community can be benefit,but it is not easy to change traditional ideas.China and other countries found that even when children from the countryside do start school,they have a tendency to be absent and often drop out later.In some cultures parents are particularly unwilling to send their daughters to school because the custom is to educate boys rather than girls. 盡管關(guān)于孩子，家庭和社區(qū)怎樣才能受益已經(jīng)做出了解釋，但是要改變傳統(tǒng)的觀念是不容易的。中國和其他國家發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使當(dāng)來自鄉(xiāng)下的孩子開始上學(xué)的時(shí)候，他們經(jīng)常曠課，然后就有退學(xué)的傾向。尤其是在一些地區(qū)，由于認(rèn)為教育是給男孩的而不是為女孩的風(fēng)氣，所以父母總是不情愿送女兒上學(xué)。
▲tendency
There is an increasing tendency towards the use of mobile phones by middle school students.
中學(xué)生使用手機(jī)的趨勢在上升。
She showed musical tendencies from an early age.她從小就顯示出對(duì)音樂的喜愛。
have a tendency to do sth. 做…的傾向
She has a strong tendency to forget things. 她很容易忘記事情。
tend vi ① 有……的習(xí)慣或傾向，傾向于 (tend to do sth.)
Janet tends to get（=usually gets）very angry if you disagree with her.
你如果不順著珍妮，她往往容易大發(fā)脾氣。
② 通向，朝……方向發(fā)展 （tend+副詞）
The road tends north .路向北延伸。
③ tend to/towards+名
The sort of music he listens to varies,but tends to pop music.
他所聽的音樂形形色色，不過傾向于流行音樂。
▲absent
（1）adj.① 缺席的，不在的（from）；
He is absent from Beijing.他不在北京。
He is absent in Beijing.他外出了，目前在北京。
He is often absent from classes.他經(jīng)常缺課。
②心不在焉的，漫不經(jīng)心的，茫然的（置于名詞前）
There was an absent expression on his face.他臉上帶著茫然若失的表情。
in an absent way 茫然地
（2）vt.（較正式）缺席不到 慣用語 absent oneself from 缺席
He absented himself from the meeting.他沒有出席會(huì)議。
absent-minded adj.心不在焉的
▲drop out 退學(xué) 1 退出，脫離2 退學(xué)，輟學(xué)
（1）從（活動(dòng)、競賽中）退出
Since his defeat he has dropped out of politics.他失敗后就不再從事政治活動(dòng)了。
（2）中途退學(xué)、輟學(xué)
He dropped out of college after only 2 weeks.他在學(xué)院里只上了兩周就退學(xué)了。
a word that has dropped out of the language 該語言中已經(jīng)廢棄的一個(gè)詞。
Peter dropped out before completing one circuit/lap of the track.還沒跑完一圈就掉隊(duì)了。
其它詞組：drop behind 落后 drop by 順便訪問：停下做短暫訪問
drop off 睡著；減少 drop in on sb. at a place 順便走訪
drop into 跌入，落下，不知不覺
▲be willing /unwilling to do （不）愿意。（不）樂意
They keep a list of people (who are) willing to work nights. 他們有一份愿意夜間工作的人的名單。
I’m perfectly willing to discuss the problem.我十分樂意討論這個(gè)問題。
They are unwilling to invest any more money in the project. 他們不愿再為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目投資。
She was unable, or unwilling, to give me any further details.她不能，或不愿意，向我提供進(jìn)一步的細(xì)節(jié)。
12.China’s large population meant that the school had to expand to take in many more students. 中國人口眾多，這就意味著為接受更多學(xué)生就必須擴(kuò)大學(xué)校。
▲mean在此句中意為：“意味著…”后面可以跟名詞、動(dòng)名詞或從句。
Life to him meant action, rather than thought.對(duì)他來說，生活意味著行動(dòng)，而不是思索。
I won’t wait if it means delaying more than a week.我不會(huì)等待，如果這意味著耽擱一個(gè)多星期。
In some parts of London, missing a bus means waiting for another hour.
在倫敦的一些地區(qū)，錯(cuò)過一輛巴士意味著得再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。
I’m sorry I hurt you. I didn’t mean to.
His father meant him to be an engineer. 他父親想讓他當(dāng)工程師。
詞組：
Don’t laugh! I mean it (= I am serious).不要笑，我是當(dāng)真的。
You’re meant to (= you are supposed to) pay before you go in.
I was never meant for the army (= did not have the qualities needed to become a soldier).
我根本就不是塊當(dāng)兵的料。
Philip and Kim were meant for each other (= are very suitable as partners). Philip 和Kim真是天生的一對(duì)。
‘Do you mind if I have a look?’ ‘By all means.’借我看一眼行嗎？當(dāng)然可以。
The load was lifted by means of a crane. 重物是用起重機(jī)吊起來的。
She is by no means an inexperienced teacher. 她絕不是一個(gè)毫無經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老師。
By no means are these cases exceptional. 這些例子絕不是例外。
We haven’t won yet, not by any means. 我們離成功還遠(yuǎn)著呢。
▲expand擴(kuò)大，增大，膨脹，增強(qiáng)，伸展（become greater in size, number or importance）.
Our foreign trade has expanded greatly in recent years.我們的對(duì)外貿(mào)易近來有極大的發(fā)展。
His modest business eventually expanded into a supermarket empire.
他原先不大的生意后來擴(kuò)展成了超級(jí)市場集團(tuán)企業(yè)。
The petals of the flowers expanded in the sunshine.花瓣在陽光下開放。
Water expands when it freezes.水結(jié)冰時(shí)體積膨脹。
Metal expands when heated. 加熱，金屬就會(huì)膨脹。
The eagle expanded its wings.老鷹展開翅膀。
In ten years the city’s population expanded by 12%.十年之中,該城人口增加了百分之十二。
expand a story into a novel 把故事擴(kuò)展成小說
詳述（故事，論證等）,引申[(+on/upon)]
I don’t quite follow your reasoning. Can you expand (on it)?我不大理解你的論斷，你能詳細(xì)地加以說明嗎？
You’ll have to expand your argument if you want to convince me.你如果想使我信服， 就必須詳述你的論點(diǎn)。
They have expanded my view on the question.他們已更充分地闡明了我對(duì)這個(gè)問題的觀點(diǎn)。
變得更友善更健談
He expanded a little when he had had a drink, and started to talk more freely.
他喝了一杯酒，變得更友善，并開始暢談起來。
expansion n.擴(kuò)充, 開展, 膨脹, 擴(kuò)張物, 遼闊, 浩瀚
expansive(ly) adj.擴(kuò)張(性)的, 膨脹(性)的; 遼[廣]闊的, 浩瀚的, 廣泛的
▲take in 本句中意為“接受，接納�！彼�可以表示以下等含義：
① 理解，領(lǐng)會(huì)，明白
They listened to my lecture, but how much did they take in, I wonder?
他們聽了我的講座，但是我懷疑他們到底聽懂了多少。
② 包括，涉及
The article takes in all aspects of the problem.這篇文章包括了這個(gè)問題的所有方面。
③ 欺騙，使上當(dāng)
Don’t trust that fellow, he’ll take you in if he gets the chance.不要相信那個(gè)家伙，他一有機(jī)會(huì)就回會(huì)騙你。
④ 將（衣服）收小，改瘦。
I’m getting much thinner, I’ll take in all my clothes.我瘦多了，我得將我所有的衣服都改小。
13.How people are distributed can also affect the education system. 人們?nèi)绾伪环峙湟材苡绊懡逃到y(tǒng)。
distribute...over ...把...配給到[分配到, 散布于]...
distribute sth. to把某物分[配, 發(fā)]給...
distribute sth. among把某物分[配, 發(fā)]給...
A leader distributed the prizes to/among the winners.一個(gè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)把獎(jiǎng)品頒發(fā)給優(yōu)勝者。
He was distributing leaflets to the crowd.他正在向人群散發(fā)傳單。
The new machine distributes seeds evenly and quickly.這部新機(jī)器播種又勻又快。
Our shops are distributed all over the city.我們的商店遍布全城。
This species of butterfly is widely distributed over our country.這種蝴蝶在我國分布很廣。
The teacher distributed the pupils into three groups.老師把學(xué)生分成三組。
distribution n.分配, 分發(fā), 配給物, 銷售, 法院對(duì)無遺囑死亡者財(cái)產(chǎn)的分配, 分布狀態(tài), 區(qū)分
the distribution of wealth財(cái)富的分配 the distribution of profits利潤的分配
the distribution of insects昆蟲分類
14.These has been a shortage of teachers.Countries with a small population have problems too.In the Turks and Caicos Islands,where there are less than 20,000 people,the number of students in some schools is so low that students of several different grades are taught in the same classroom. In China most citizens live in the eastern areas and this results in large class sizes. 已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)老師短缺問題。人口少的國家也有問題。在特克斯和凱科斯群島，人口不足兩萬，有些學(xué)校里學(xué)生數(shù)量很少，以至于不同年級(jí)的學(xué)生在同一間教室里上課。人們?nèi)绾伪环峙湟材苡绊懡逃到y(tǒng)。在中國，大多數(shù)市民住在東部區(qū)域，這造成了大班級(jí)。
result in （造成，導(dǎo)致）, result from （因……發(fā)生，隨……產(chǎn)生）
因result in 果 導(dǎo)致 Hard work results in success
果 result from 因 由…導(dǎo)致 Success results from hard work.
job losses resulting from changes in production 生產(chǎn)革新造成的失業(yè)。
The cyclone has resulted in many thousands of deaths. 颶風(fēng)已經(jīng)造成成千上萬的人死亡。
When water levels rise, flooding results.水位上升，就會(huì)發(fā)洪水。
15.Parts of the remote central and western provinces,however,have few people.Schools in these regions cannot support teachers for the small numbers of students at each level,so teachers have mixed-grade classes.In North and central Australia the population is so spread out that children in some rural settlements can be as far as 1,000 km away from the nearest school. 然而，在遙遠(yuǎn)的中部和西部省份，人口太少，在這些區(qū)域的學(xué)校不可能為每個(gè)水平上的小數(shù)量的學(xué)生支援老師。因此，老師只能教混合班級(jí)。在澳大利亞的北部和中部，人口是如此的疏散以至于在一些鄉(xiāng)下的定居區(qū)的孩子去遠(yuǎn)達(dá)1000公里的最近的學(xué)校去上學(xué)。
Halong Bay in Vietnam is made up of three thousand islands spread out in the clear green waters of the sea.
越南的九龍灣由三千個(gè)島嶼構(gòu)成，這些島嶼散布在蔚藍(lán)清澈的大海中。
spread out 分散 伸展身體，攤開東西
Don’t all sit together, spread yourselves out.別都擠在一塊兒，分開坐吧。
There’s more room to spread out in first class. 頭等艙寬敞些，伸得開腿。
Do you have to spread yourself out all over the sofa？你就非得躺下，把整個(gè)大沙發(fā)全占了才行嗎？
The searchers spread out to cover the area faster. 搜索人員分散開來，好更快搜索這一地區(qū)。
as far as
as far as the eye can / could see 極目所盡
The bleak moorland stretched on all sides as far as the eye could see.
荒涼的曠野向四面伸展開去，一望無際。
As far as we knew, there was no cause for concern. 就我們所知，沒什么可擔(dān)心的。
As far as I can see, you’ve done nothing wrong. 依我看，你沒有做錯(cuò)任何事。
She lived in Chicago, as far as I can remember. 據(jù)我所記得的，她過去住在Chicago。
as / so far as sb/sth is concerned 就……而言
As far as I am concerned, you can do what you like.就我而言，你想干什么就干什么。
16.The success of a country in bringing education to all also depends on the economy.In many developing countries there is not enough money available to provide classrooms,desks,chairs,books and teachers for all the children.To equip schools some of these governments rely almost completely on aid from other countries,international organizations such as the World Bank and non-governmental organizations such as Save the Children. 一個(gè)國家在教育上的成功也全部依賴于經(jīng)濟(jì)。在許多發(fā)展中國家，不可能有足夠的錢來為所有的孩子提供教室、書桌、椅子、書籍和老師。為裝備學(xué)校，一些政府幾乎完全依賴其他國家的援助，國際組織如世界銀行和象挽救孩子這樣的非政府組織都在為這些國家提供幫助。
rely on/upon sb. /sth. to do sth./ depend on
依賴,指望某人、某事物
I relied on your coming early.我指望你早點(diǎn)來。
信任、依賴某人/某事物
You can rely on me to keep your secret.你盡管相信我一定為你保密。
復(fù)習(xí)depend on
The price depends on the quality.價(jià)格取決于質(zhì)量。
Today,there are few industries and commercial organizations that do not depend on computers.
如今，幾乎所有的工業(yè)和商業(yè)組織都依賴電腦。
The flooded areas depended on the government for relief.
洪水受災(zāi)地區(qū)依靠政府的救濟(jì)。
You may depend on them to arrive early.他們?cè)绲绞菚?huì)靠得住的。
Shall we go climbing tomorrow? It all depends on the weather/That depends(It all depends).
明天去登山如何？看天氣的狀況再說吧。/要視具體情況而定。
17.Other countries receive help with particular programmes:both the World Bank and Save the Children have helped China with schools in less developed provinces.Corporation and private citizens also donate money through the Hope Project.
donate vt.捐贈(zèng)，贈(zèng)予 (contribute)
donate blood to a blood bank向血庫獻(xiàn)血
donate 1, 000 dollars to school給一所學(xué)校捐贈(zèng)1, 000美元
捐獻(xiàn),捐贈(zèng)[(+to)]
She donated her books to the library.她把自己的書捐贈(zèng)給圖書館。
14.Even the richest nation in the world faces problems.The USA has found that it is not easy to make sure that every student receives the same quality of teaching.One in three students in the United States lives in the countryside,and providing them with a full curriculum is difficult. 甚至世界上最富有的國家也面臨一些問題。美國已發(fā)現(xiàn)確定每位學(xué)生接受教學(xué)的相同質(zhì)量是不容易的。三分之一的美國學(xué)生居住在鄉(xiāng)下，給他們提供一個(gè)完整的課程是很困難的。
curriculum n.[C] 學(xué)校的全部課程
The student is very knowledgeable because he also studies things not in the curriculum.
這個(gè)學(xué)生知識(shí)很豐富,因?yàn)樵趯W(xué)校課程以外他還學(xué)習(xí)別的東西。
(一門)課程
The professor is busy preparing his chemistry curriculum plan.這位教授正忙于準(zhǔn)備他的化學(xué)課程計(jì)劃。
18.Chian has also adopted distance learning methods such as television lessons,and in 1999,the Ministry of Education introduced computerised teaching networks in central and western China.中國已采用遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)方法，像電視機(jī)，并且在1999年，教育部采用計(jì)算機(jī)處理中部和西部的中國教育網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
In today’s world of computerized working and developing technology, continued education is often essential for people to meet the changing requirements of their profession. 在工作電腦化和科技不斷發(fā)展的今天，為了滿足人們職業(yè)的不斷變化的需求，繼續(xù)教育是非常必要的。(p.105)
(1) 此句中應(yīng)注意幾個(gè)非謂語動(dòng)詞computerized, continued , developing和changing，在句中作定語, 分別限定其后面的名詞。過去分詞表被動(dòng)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行。
(2) computerize “用計(jì)算機(jī)做某事，使計(jì)算機(jī)化”。
The accounts section has been completely computerized.會(huì)計(jì)科已完全計(jì)算機(jī)化了。
computerize 的后綴- ize或 –ise表示“使…,…化”。
類似結(jié)構(gòu)的詞有modernize(現(xiàn)代化), realize(意識(shí)到)，apologize(道歉)，popularize(使…受歡迎)等。
(3) 此句中continued為形容詞，作定語。 意為：“繼續(xù)不停的(going without stopping)”。
We have accumulated rich experience for the continued education of government employees and
professionals.我們?cè)诮M織和實(shí)施公務(wù)員和專業(yè)技術(shù)人員繼續(xù)教育方面積累了相當(dāng)豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
(4) meet/satisfy/ fulfill the requirements “滿足…的需求”。
Our latest model should meet your requirements exactly.我們的最新型號(hào)包你滿意。
In applying for the position of sales manager I offer my qualifications, which believe will meet your
exacting requirements.
為了申請(qǐng)銷售經(jīng)理的職位，附上我的合格證書，我認(rèn)為會(huì)符合你們嚴(yán)格的要求的。
Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:
你的文章應(yīng)該包含提供的所有信息，并滿足以下要求。
(5) profession n.職業(yè)，工作（多指具有某種專業(yè)知識(shí)的工作）
I think Jack should take up some other profession.我認(rèn)為杰克應(yīng)該從事其他什么職業(yè)。
She intends to make teaching her profession.她打算從事教學(xué)這一職業(yè)。
by profession 以…為職業(yè)，做…工作
I’m a carpenter by profession.我的職業(yè)是木匠。
professional adj.職業(yè)(性)的, 業(yè)務(wù)的,從事于專門職業(yè)的,以(運(yùn)動(dòng)等)為專業(yè)的
professional knowledge專業(yè)知識(shí)
professional men專家(尤指醫(yī)生、律師等)
19.In these countries, where some people do not even have fresh water or basic health care, reaching the target of “Education for All” will be a huge task, despite help from the international community. 在這些國家里，有些人甚至不能喝到新鮮的水，得到基本的健康護(hù)理，要達(dá)到普及教育的目標(biāo)將是一個(gè)艱巨的任務(wù)，盡管能得到國際社會(huì)的支持。
此句中where引導(dǎo)的定語從句限定前面的countries. 本文中出現(xiàn)了較多的where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句。應(yīng)注意前面的先行詞。
① In the Turks and Caicos Islands, where there are less than 20,000 people, the number of students in some
schools is so low that students of several different grades are taught in the same class.
在特克司和凱科斯群島，人口不足兩萬，有些學(xué)校學(xué)生數(shù)量很少，以至于幾個(gè)不同年級(jí)的學(xué)生在同一
間教室里上課。
② To solve this, Australia uses “distance learning” method, where the students have lessons by two-way radio
and mail.為了解決這個(gè)問題，澳大利亞采用了遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)的方法，學(xué)生們可以通過雙向廣播和郵件傳遞
來學(xué)習(xí)。
20. However,balancing the workload of a demanding job alongside a course of study can be difficult…(p.105)
然而想要平衡費(fèi)心費(fèi)力的工作負(fù)擔(dān)和課程學(xué)習(xí)的負(fù)擔(dān)是很難的。
alongside prep.在…旁邊，與…一起
The dog ran alongside me all the way.那狗一路上跟在我旁邊跑。
We brought our boat alongside their boat.
我們把船靠到他們的船旁邊。
除……之外
We have videos,recordings and other learning aids alongside（besides）the books.
除了課本之外，我們還有電視、錄音和其他輔助教學(xué)設(shè)施。
alongside of沿著，并排，一起
The cars were parked alongside of each other.那些車并排停放。
21.Parents are not prepared to send girls to school because they do not believe it will be
of any benefit. 父母親不愿意把女兒送去上學(xué)，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為這不會(huì)帶來任何好處。(p.106)
(1) 此句中be prepared to 意為“能夠并愿意做某事（be able and willing to do sth）”。
I am prepared to lend you the money if you promise to pay it back.我愿意把錢借給你，你得答應(yīng)還給我。
I ’m not prepared to stay and listen to these outrageous insults.我可不愿意在這兒受這種奇恥大辱。
（2）be of benefit to
① be of benefit to “對(duì)…有好處”。benefit前可用“real, great, much, immense”等形容詞修飾。
Doing morning exercises will be of benefit to your health. 做早操對(duì)你的健康有利。
② "(be)+of+名詞"結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞是抽象名詞時(shí),相當(dāng)于其中名詞所對(duì)應(yīng)的形容詞的意思,說明被修飾
詞具有某種特征或?qū)傩浴?/p>
常用的名詞有:use/importance/help/value/interest/quality/service/benefit/necessity等。
I don't want to hear what you are saying. It is of no interest to me. (of no interest=not interesting)
我不想聽你說,我對(duì)此不感興趣。
Coal is of great importance to the development of industry. (of great importance=very important)
煤對(duì)工業(yè)發(fā)展是相當(dāng)重要的。
New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.
新西蘭的酒質(zhì)量很好，并且被銷往世界各地。
You'll find this map of great ________in helping you to get round London.
A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness
22. However, when the facts are examined, it is clear that educating girls leads to
improved health and levels of income. 然而，仔細(xì)觀察事實(shí)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，顯然讓女孩接受教育，最終可以改善健康狀況和提高收入水平。P.106
復(fù)習(xí)
(1)此句中應(yīng)注意句型It is clear that …,it 是形式主語，真正的主語是that引導(dǎo)的從句。從句的主語是動(dòng)名詞短語educating girls, improved health and levels of income作lead to 的賓語。
類似的句型有：
It is clear ( obvious, evident, true, possible, certain...) that .....
常譯為“清楚（顯然，明顯，真的，可能，肯定．．．）”，是主語從句最常見的一種結(jié)構(gòu)。
It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree. = That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear.
It was obvious to everyone that the child had been badly treated.大家都清楚那個(gè)孩子受過虐待。
(2)lead to sth “導(dǎo)致某種結(jié)果( have sth as its results)”。 lead to中的to為介詞。
后跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞, 2003年上海高考題中，thief與catch 之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 故用了動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)形式。
The discovery of new evidence led to _______ .
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards。
嬰兒學(xué)會(huì)做事情，因?yàn)樗哪承┬袨槟苡兴貓?bào)，這個(gè)觀念為人們所普遍接受。
(3)improved health 其中的“improved” 是過去分詞作定語，限定health。
School health programs lead to increased student wellness and improved ability to learn.
學(xué)校的健康活動(dòng)改善了學(xué)生的身體狀況，并且也提高了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)能力。
He believes that only hard work and perseverance can improve himself in oral English/improve his oral
English.
他相信只有努力和毅力才能提高他的英語口語水平。
Integrating skills，
23. In other aspects you have a lot in common.而在別的方面。你們卻有許多相同的地方。
aspect n.樣子, 外表, ; 神態(tài); 方面; 情況, 狀況; 方位, 方向, 觀點(diǎn)
the aspect of the whole area全地區(qū)的面貌
consider other aspects of the matter考慮事情的其它方面
from legal aspect從法律的觀點(diǎn)
discuss a subject in all aspects
24.Learning style theory suggests that different people have different ways of obtaining information and use various methods to demonstrate their intelligence and ability.
學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)格理論表明不同的人有不同的獲得信息的方式，并且用不同的方法表現(xiàn)出他們的智力和能力。
(1) suggest
①本句中suggest表示“暗示、表明”時(shí)，后接名詞或that從句（從句謂語用陳述語氣）。
Are you suggesting that I’m too old for the job?你的意思是說我太老而不能勝任這個(gè)工作了？
His failure in the exam suggested that he had not worked hard enough．
他考試沒及格表明他學(xué)習(xí)還不夠努力。
②suggest表示“建議、提議”時(shí)，后接名詞、代詞、-ing形式或that從句（從句謂語用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以省略）。
I suggest we go shopping together and look for a nice tank．
我建議我們一起去商店買一個(gè)精致的魚缸。
I suggested that you（should）leave early．/I suggested your/you leaving early.我建議你早點(diǎn)動(dòng)身。
(2) obtain 取得某物，經(jīng)（買、借、拿等）獲得
There are people who gamble or cheat to obtain money.Those people try to get money by dishonest means.
有一些通過欺騙和賭博獲得錢的人，他們總想通過不誠實(shí)的手段來得到錢。
I obtained this record for you with difficulty.我好不容易為你弄到了這張唱片。
辨析：get, obtain, acquire, gain, win, earn這組動(dòng)詞的一般含義是“得到”。
obtain較正式用詞，著重通過巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的東西。
The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts.
那位新聞?dòng)浾吡⒓粗肢@取這些重要的資料。
Ordinary people would then be able to use them to obtain valuable information.
那時(shí)平常的人便能運(yùn)用它們?nèi)カ@取寶貴的信息。
get普通用詞，使用廣泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要經(jīng)過努力。
I sat in the front of the bus to get a good view of the countryside.
我坐在公共汽車的前部，以得到有利于觀賞農(nóng)村風(fēng)光的機(jī)會(huì)。
acquire強(qiáng)調(diào)通過不斷的、持續(xù)的努力而獲得某物，也指日積月累地漸漸地獲得。書面語用詞。
After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.
接到把車開出城的指令后，我的信心增長了。
gain側(cè)重指經(jīng)過努力或有意識(shí)行動(dòng)而取得某種成就或獲得某種利益或好處。
During that time, she so gained my aunt's confidence that she was put in charge of the domestic staff.
在這期間，她得到了我姑姑如此的信任，結(jié)果被委任為家仆的負(fù)責(zé)人。
A penny saved is a penny gained.省一文是一文。(諺語)
win主要指通過努力、斗爭、比賽等而獲得勝利。
It seemed certain that this would win the prize.這一塊會(huì)得獎(jiǎng)，這似乎是肯定的了。
This invariably wins them the love and respect of others.
這種行為常常為他們贏得別人的愛戴和尊敬。
earn側(cè)重指依靠自己的勞動(dòng)或因付出代價(jià)與有功而獲得。
His achievements earned him respect and admiration.他的成就為他贏得別人的尊敬和贊美。
Some of them have come home for a few days' hard-earned leave.
他們中的有些人已經(jīng)回國，度過那得之不易的幾天假日。
(3)demonstrate
① demonstrate在本句中指“表明，表示（show）”.
His sudden departure demonstrates that he is unreliable.他的突然離去表明他的不可靠。
② demonstrate 在高二教材中出現(xiàn)時(shí)，表示“示威集會(huì)或游行 ”。
可構(gòu)成詞組，demonstrate (against/in favor of sb /sth) 示威游行反對(duì)或贊成某人或某事。它的名詞形
式有demonstrator游行者,示威者，demonstration 示威或游行。
Thousands demonstrated against the price increases.數(shù)以千計(jì)的人舉行示威，抗議物價(jià)上漲。
The police arrested more than 100 demonstrators.警察逮捕了100多名示威游行者。
25.Although experts have many ideas and categories of learning, it is evident that people learn in three basic styles: learning through seeing, learning through listening and learning through doing. 盡管專家對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)有很多的想法和分類，但顯然，人們通過三種基本的方式來學(xué)習(xí)：視覺型學(xué)習(xí)，聽覺型學(xué)習(xí)和動(dòng)覺型學(xué)習(xí)。
(1) It is evident that …主語從句。相當(dāng)于 “It is clear/obvious that …”.
(2) evident 形容詞，表示“明顯的，清楚的（obvious, clear）”。
He looked at his children with evident pride.他以明顯的得意態(tài)度望著他的孩子。
The applause made it evident the play was a hit.掌聲表明這個(gè)戲劇很成功。
evidence n.明顯, 顯著, 明白, 跡象, 根據(jù), [物]證據(jù), 證物
There is no evidence that he is quilty.沒有證據(jù)證明他有罪。
for lack of evidence因?yàn)槿鄙僮C據(jù)
on evidence依據(jù)證據(jù)
evident obvious apparent 意思都含“明顯的”。
evident多用于推理及抽象的事, 指“明顯的”
obvious 指“容易知道或發(fā)現(xiàn), 無須解釋或證明的”,
apparent 含“一目了然的”的意思, 還可指“思想上容易理解的”
It's evident that the plan is impracticable.很明顯這計(jì)劃是不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
It's obvious that a man isn't strong enough to lift an elephant.很明顯, 一個(gè)人是不能舉起大象的。
It's apparent that you can't be trusted.很顯然,你是不可信賴的。
The rope had been cut, so it was evident/obvious that the lamb had been stolen.
繩子是被割斷的，因此這只羊羔顯然是被偷去的。
注：此句中的obvious 換用evident則更確切。
clear(以及常見的plain)是口語中常用詞，其含義為“清楚易懂”。clear 除了“清楚的”，“清晰的”之外，還有許多其他含義。如“流暢的”，“無障礙的”等。
The water of the lake is as clear as glass.湖水清徹如同明鏡。
He gave a clear answer to the direct question.他對(duì)那個(gè)直截了當(dāng)?shù)膯栴}作了清晰的答復(fù)。
plain除了“清楚的”、“淺顯的”之外，也有些別的含義。
a plain face一個(gè)普通的或不漂亮的面孔
The letter was written in plain English.那封信是用淺顯的英語寫的。
26.They select a variety of activities to suit their students’ different learning styles.
他們挑選各種各樣的活動(dòng)，以適合學(xué)生不同的學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)格。
▲select
She selected a diamond from the collection.她從收藏品中挑選了一顆鉆石。
These oranges have been carefully selected.這些橙子是精選的。
He was selected to play for England.他被選中代表英格蘭去參賽。
比較：select和choose
choose用途最廣，指一般的“選擇”，有時(shí)特指“抉擇”，側(cè)重意志或判斷。
I leave it to you to choose between the two methods.
我任你在這兩種方法中間作出抉擇。
choose和select 有時(shí)可以通用，主要不同在于：
①choose 往往是以個(gè)人的好惡或?qū)�(gè)人是否合適為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；select 則更強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀優(yōu)劣，或?yàn)榱诉_(dá)到
某一目的的條件上的優(yōu)劣。
②choose有選定后就要“堅(jiān)守”或“從事”的含義；select則沒有。因此，“選擇一生事業(yè)/愛人”
等應(yīng)譯作：to choose a career/a husband,etc.
③choose可接不定式表“寧愿；決定”，select不能。
表示選擇的其他動(dòng)詞elect, pick, prefer, opt
elect指按照一定的規(guī)章或法律，用投票等方式進(jìn)行的認(rèn)真慎重的選擇。
pick口語用詞，多指從個(gè)人角度仔細(xì)挑選，也含任意挑選之意。
prefer強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人偏愛，不一定有選擇的行動(dòng)。
表示選擇的名詞choice, alternative, preference, option, selection, election
choice側(cè)重指自由選擇的權(quán)利或特權(quán)。
alternative指在相互排斥的兩者之間作嚴(yán)格的選擇，也可指在兩者以上中進(jìn)行選擇。
preference側(cè)重因偏見、愛好或判斷等而進(jìn)行選擇。
option著重特別給予的選擇權(quán)利或權(quán)力，所選物常常相互排斥。
selection指作廣泛的選擇，著重選擇者的識(shí)別力或鑒賞力。
election強(qiáng)調(diào)目的和達(dá)到目的判斷能力。
▲suit
① n.一套衣服（通常包括用相同衣料做的短上衣、褲子和裙子）；（用于某活動(dòng)的）套裝
a dark suit 一套深色衣服 a business suit 一套西裝
a three-piece suit 一套三件式套裝 a spacesuit 宇航服
a diving suit 潛水服 a swimsuit 游泳衣
②2suit vt.
fit 指衣服的大小，尺寸的合身，吻合，協(xié)調(diào)
suit 指衣服的樣色，顏色，款色的合身，或時(shí)間，天氣，口味，價(jià)格，環(huán)境，交通，性格，地位
的適宜，適合。
match和…相配/相稱，比得上
The climate doesn’t suit me.
No one matches him in singing.
Will it suit you if I come around at three?
The gold chain matched his watch.
The shirt of yours fits you very well
It doesn’t suit you to have your hair cut short.
The picture matches the story.
suit在課文句中表示“適合，適應(yīng)（satisfy, meet the needs of, be convenient）”。
He said he knew of a hotel that might suit them.他說他知道一個(gè)可能適合他們的旅館。
Let’s fix a day. Would Saturday night suit you?我們定個(gè)日子吧，周六晚方便嗎？
suitable:be suitable for/to “適合,合適”。在后面的writing中有一個(gè)句子。
What aspects of your study habits are not suitable to your learning style and why.
你的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣的哪些方面是不適合你的學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)格的，為什么。
When we design buildings, we should keep in mind that there should be apartments that are suitable for
disabled persons.當(dāng)我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)大樓的時(shí)候，我們要記住：應(yīng)該設(shè)計(jì)一些適合殘疾人居住的公寓。
27.Students who have this learning style take a hands-on approach to education and enjoy doing experiments or surveys.具有這種學(xué)習(xí)方式的學(xué)生通過動(dòng)手實(shí)踐的方式來接受教育，他們喜歡做實(shí)驗(yàn)，作調(diào)查
approach vt./n. 接近，靠近，建議，要求，（待人接物或思考問題的）方法，方式，態(tài)度
We heard the sound of an approaching car / a car approaching。我們聽見一輛車駛近的聲音。
She approached the bank for a loan.她向銀行要求貸款。
The school has decided to adopt a different approach to discipline.
學(xué)校決定采用另一種方式解決紀(jì)律問題。
28.However,restrictions of time,space and resources often make it impossible to provide the best exercise for all learners.然而由于時(shí)間、空間和資源上的限制常常使教師無法給所有的學(xué)生提供最好的訓(xùn)練。
restriction n.限制，約束
The park is open to the public without restriction.該公園無任何限制對(duì)公眾開放。
He dislikes their restriction of his freedom of choice. 他討厭他們對(duì)他的自由選擇進(jìn)行限制。
The government placed restrictions on the number of foreign cars that could be imported.
政府限制進(jìn)口外國轎車。
restrict vt.限制，限定
The sale of alcohol is restricted in Britain.在英國，酒的銷量是受限制的。
restrict…to…把…限制在…內(nèi)
We restrict membership of the club to schoolboys.我們俱樂部的會(huì)員僅限于中學(xué)生。
He was restricted to (smoking) three cigarettes a day.他受到限制，每天只能抽三根煙。
29.advocate vt.擁護(hù), 支持; 提倡; 主張; 建議; 辯護(hù)
advocate+n./doing
I advocate a policy of gradual reform.我擁護(hù)逐步改革的政策。
Do you advocate banning cars in the city center?你支持禁止汽車在市中心通行這一主張嗎？
n.辯護(hù)者; 律師; 擁護(hù)者; 倡導(dǎo)者; 鼓吹者; 替人說情者
the Judge A-軍法會(huì)議的理事(官) an advocate of peace擁護(hù)或提倡和平的人
30.Organise a study schedule to include frequent breaks.
schedule n. 計(jì)劃表，日程安排表
a schedule of postal charges郵資一覽表 a sailing schedule航運(yùn)時(shí)刻表
a train schedule火車行車時(shí)刻表 a production schedule生產(chǎn)進(jìn)度[計(jì)劃]表
What's your schedule for tomorrow ?你明天的日程安排如何?
according to schedule按時(shí)間表; 按照原定進(jìn)度 on schedule按時(shí)間表, 準(zhǔn)時(shí)
ahead of schedule提前
The task will be finished ahead of schedule if nothing prevents.如果沒有阻力的話，這個(gè)任務(wù)就會(huì)提前完成。
behind schedule落后于計(jì)劃或進(jìn)度; 遲于預(yù)定時(shí)間
make a study schedule/plan 制定學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃