Study skills（學(xué)習(xí)技能）
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
單元雙基學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
Ⅰ.詞匯學(xué)習(xí)
enlarge , remind sb of , fix a date for , appreciate, long-term , encouragement
Ⅱ. 交際英語(yǔ)
Invitations and responses (邀請(qǐng)與應(yīng)答)
發(fā)出邀請(qǐng)時(shí)可以說(shuō)：
1. Will you come to …?
2. Would you like to do ？
3. I’d like to invite you to …
4. Are you free on Sunday ?
5. If you’re not doing anything on Monday morning , would you like to do …
6. We’d like you to join us .
7. Do join me for a coffee .
8. We’re having a dance on Sunday . I hope you will come .
9. Would you do me the pleasure of attending our wedding (婚禮) ? = May we have the pleasure of your company at our wedding ?
10. I’d very much like you to come to our dinner party .
接受邀請(qǐng)時(shí)常用：
1. Yes , I’d love to .
2. Yes , that’s very kind / nice of you .
3. I’d love to , but …
4. How nice !
5. I’d like to … , but … . Thank you all the same .
Ⅲ. 語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)
復(fù)習(xí)和歸納句子的成分 -- 謂語(yǔ)；復(fù)習(xí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。
在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞中要重點(diǎn)掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)的用法。如：should have done與should not have done , needn’t have done , must have done
另外，復(fù)習(xí)主謂一致的測(cè)試熱點(diǎn)。
【指點(diǎn)迷津】
這些一致你了如指掌嗎 ？
1. 主語(yǔ) people 作“人們，人民”解時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，作“民族”解時(shí)，有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。如：
Our people is a great one .
There are 56 peoples in China .
2 . 主語(yǔ)是 a / this / that kind of + 名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式，主語(yǔ)指的不是一種而是多種，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：
This kind of cloth feels soft .
There are different kinds of animals .
3 . 主語(yǔ)是“each of … ”，“neither of … ”，“either of … ”，“one of … ”等時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如：
Each of them has his own duty .
4 . 陳述部分用 everybody , everyone , somebody , someone , anybody , anyone , nobody , no one 或 no + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，反意部分用 they。而陳述部分用 everything , something , nothing , anything 時(shí)，反意部分代詞則采用單數(shù)，用 it 。
Somebody is waiting for you , aren't they ?
Everything is all right , isn't it ?
5 . 動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。
When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet .
6 . 用引號(hào)的詞語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)第三人稱。
“I” is the ninth letter of the English Alphabet .
7 . 在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中如被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是句子的主語(yǔ)，則 who 或 that 后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)應(yīng)和主語(yǔ)一致。
It is Mike who always helps me study maths after class .
8 . wish 后接賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，如表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，無(wú)論主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，be 動(dòng)詞用 were。
I wish I were ten years younger .
9 . police , cattle 等集合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。
The murderer has run away . The police are searching for him .
10 . 算式中表示數(shù)目的主語(yǔ)通常看作單數(shù)，其謂語(yǔ)常用單數(shù)形式，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。
Five times four is twenty .
11 . youth 作“青年們”解作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。
The youth of China today are doing their best to study modern science and technology .
12 . each 作同位語(yǔ)放在復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)后，謂語(yǔ)不受單數(shù) each 的影響。如：
The boy and the girl each have their own toys .
13 . 當(dāng) with 引出的短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)后面出現(xiàn) both 時(shí)，with 的含義變成 and ，此時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Martin with his wife ,both working in the same company , have decided that they would send their little daughter to the nearest kindergarten .
14 . “one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 謂語(yǔ)”是固定結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。但是，在“one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 定語(yǔ)從句”句型中，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)；若 one of 的前面有 the , the only 時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)仍用單數(shù)。試對(duì)比：
He is one of the people who always help others .
She is the only one of my guests that comes from India .
15 . 主語(yǔ)是以-ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞以及 news , works , (工廠) , politics 等都屬形式復(fù)數(shù)，而意義單數(shù)的名詞，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。另外 means 一詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形應(yīng)視具體情況而定。
Mathematics seems to be difficult to learn .
A new means of teaching is being used in that school .
注：學(xué)科名詞前如有物主代詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)常用復(fù)數(shù)。如：My mathematics are week .
16 . 主語(yǔ)是用作書(shū)名、劇名、報(bào)紙名、國(guó)名等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)形式。
The United States is a developed country .
二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航
【學(xué)法指要】
單元重點(diǎn)詞匯點(diǎn)撥
1. enlarge擴(kuò)大；變大；增多
We enlarge the playground last year .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗enlarge on / upon詳述；細(xì)說(shuō)
Could you enlarge on / upon the point ?
2. encouragement鼓勵(lì)；激勵(lì)；促進(jìn)
He received a lot of encouragement from his teacher . 老師給了他很大的鼓勵(lì)。
〖點(diǎn)撥〗encourage sb to do鼓勵(lì)某人干…… 。encourage sb in助長(zhǎng)。如：
The boss encouraged me to study abroad .
Don’t encourage him in his laziness .
encouraging鼓舞人心的，encouraged被鼓舞的。如：
They were encouraged by the encouraging news .
3. appreciate欣賞；感激；賞識(shí)
His works were not appreciated until after his death . 直到死后，他的作品才受到重視。
You will appreciate his novels better if you read his past .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗appreciate / enjoy + doing欣賞干……。
Do you appreciate driving minibus ?
單元詞組思維運(yùn)用
1. remind sb of使某人想起 ……
He reminded me of his kind father .
I was reminded of my promise .
注意：remind sb that ……使人想起。remind sb to do提醒某人做某事。
She reminded me that I hadn’t watered the flowers .
Remind me to mail this letter after work .
I reminded him to work hard .
2. fix a date for確定……的日期
Let’s fix a date for a picnic this weekend .
注意動(dòng)詞fix的詞組：fix one’s eyes on / upon凝視。如：His eyes were fixed on the photo on the wall .
3. pick up a travel book拿起一本游記
4．dip into隨便翻閱；瀏覽
I have only been able to dip into your book yet ; I hope soon to be able to read it seriously .
I can’t say that I know a great deal about modern painting - I’ve just dipped into one or two books on the subject .
5. read bits here and there這兒看一點(diǎn)那看一點(diǎn)
6. turn to翻到；求助于
Please turn to Page 30 .
We must turn to our monitor to finish such a thorough cleaning .
7. if you wish如果你想要的話
8. an article of clothing一件衣物
注意：a suit of clothes一套衣服
9. above all最重要的是
注意：in all總共，first of all首先。
10. refer to
Don’t get angry . The person he referred just now isn’t you .
11. take turns to do輪流干……
12. shut up閉嘴；住口；關(guān)閉
For heaven’s sake , shut him up , he’s said quite enough already .
Shut up ! You’re just talking nonsense .
We got the house shut up only minutes before the storm hit . 在暴風(fēng)雨來(lái)臨之前幾分鐘，我們才把屋子的門窗關(guān)閉起來(lái)。
13. talk things through充分透徹地談問(wèn)題
14. make good (great , rapid , much , little ) progress in
15. agree on a time在時(shí)間上意見(jiàn)一致
16. a letter in reply回信
17. in the immediate future不久的將來(lái)
單元難點(diǎn)疑點(diǎn)思路明晰
1. But not all stories belong to this class . 但并不是所有小說(shuō)都屬于這一級(jí)別。
〖明晰〗(1) not與all , both , every , always , altogether , entirely , everybody , everything , everywhere連用表達(dá)部分否定。如：
All is not lost that is in danger . （諺）處于危險(xiǎn)中并非就是失敗。(禍福難分)
The good and the beautiful don't always go together . (Shakespeare) 善和美不一定時(shí)常是相連的。
(2) class 在本課作“等級(jí)，種類”講。如：
travel third class 乘三等車（或艙）旅行/He is doing first class.他干得 非常好。/It's one of the second-class public schools.那是一所一流的公立學(xué)校。
2. Second , do not stop every time you come to a word or phrase you do not know . 第二，不要每碰到一個(gè)不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞或短語(yǔ)就停下來(lái)……。
〖明晰〗Every time, each time “每次，每當(dāng)，無(wú)論何時(shí)”以及by the time “到……時(shí)” 可相當(dāng)于連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
Every time I meet him , he tries to borrow books from me . 每當(dāng)我遇到他，他總是向我借書(shū)。
By the time he was 15 , he had already had his own laboratory . 到他15歲時(shí)，他已經(jīng)有了自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
3. …by the end of the chapter you will have guessed its meaning . 到了全章快讀完時(shí)，你就會(huì)猜出這個(gè)詞的意思了。
〖明晰〗(1)由by the end of…引出的短語(yǔ)，主句常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)或?qū)?lái)完成時(shí)。如：
By the end of last month, they had produced 1000000 candles .
By the end of this century, China will have become a socialist country . 到本世紀(jì)底，中國(guó)必將成為一個(gè)社會(huì)主義強(qiáng)國(guó)。
(2) will / shall + have + p.p. 構(gòu)成將來(lái)完成時(shí)，該時(shí)態(tài)可表將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻前已完成的動(dòng)作，也可表說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一業(yè)已先成的事態(tài)的推測(cè)。如：
He will have gained his pilot's license before his next birthday . 他下個(gè)生日前會(huì)拿到飛行證的。
You will have received an invitation to the wedding as well . 你肯定會(huì)收到參加婚宴的邀請(qǐng)的。
4. …and is therefore likely to be an article of clothing . 因此很可能是一件衣服。
〖明晰〗likely常用于sth / sb + be + likely to do很可能干但possible , probable , impossible , improbable 卻不用人作主語(yǔ) , 常用 : It + be + possible / probable (for sb) + to do. 如：
He is likely to be the best poet here . 他很可能是這最好的詩(shī)人。
It is impossible that he can finish the task in such a short time . 他不可能在如此短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
（本課最后一段中）If you hate science stories , you are unlikely to enjoy reading them in English . 如果你不喜歡科幻小說(shuō)，那么你不大可能喜歡讀英文版的科幻小說(shuō)。
5. In other words , I should not watch TV, or look over your shoulder at other people while we are talking together . 換句話說(shuō)，我們?cè)谝黄鸾徽剷r(shí)，我不應(yīng)該看電視或越過(guò)你肩膀看別人。
〖明晰〗(1) in other words 換句話說(shuō) (= that is , that is to say)
(2) look over 從…上面看過(guò)去；查看；檢查。如：
Don't look over your shoulder while walking on such a slippery road . 在過(guò)如此滑的路面時(shí)，請(qǐng)匆扭頭張望。
The secretary spent a night looking over her notes . 秘書(shū)花了一夜時(shí)間查看她的記錄。
6. First , take turns to listen . 首先 輪流做聽(tīng)眾。
〖明晰〗take turns“依次，輪流”后常接不定式，at＋ing或直接加-ing 。表示“輪流”的介詞詞組有 in turn 和 by turns 。如：
take turns to watch over the oxen = take turns (at) watching over the oxen = watch over the oxen in turn = watch over the oxen by turns . 輪流看護(hù)牛群。
（本課最后一段）If friends can take turns to listen to each other well, life will be better ! 如果朋友們之間能輪流做好聽(tīng)眾，生活就會(huì)更美好!
7. hobby , habit , custom , practice
〖明晰〗 (1) hobby (業(yè)余)愛(ài)好；嗜好，消遣。如：
Reading children's literature is a hobby with my nephew . 我侄侄在業(yè)余時(shí)間愛(ài)讀兒童文學(xué)消遣。
He collects butterflies for a hobby . 他以搜集各種蝴蝶為業(yè)余愛(ài)好。
Growing roses is her hobby . 養(yǎng)玫瑰花是她的愛(ài)好。
(2) habit“習(xí)慣”，側(cè)重于強(qiáng)調(diào)一時(shí)期內(nèi)不自覺(jué)地形成的，并且不易去掉的個(gè)人習(xí)慣。如：
Smoking is a bad habit . 吸煙是種壞習(xí)慣。
habit 的常見(jiàn)搭配有：be in the / a habit of , have the / a habit of 有……的習(xí)慣，break away from / off a habit改掉一種習(xí)慣， get / fall into the habit of 養(yǎng)成……習(xí)慣。
(3) custom“習(xí)慣；習(xí)俗”，指經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間而形成的社會(huì)或地區(qū)性風(fēng)俗。如：
It is the custom to dye eggs at Easter . 在復(fù)活節(jié)染雞蛋殼已成為習(xí)俗。
(4) practice“習(xí)慣”，指慣常的做法。如：
I don't like her practice of going to bed late every evening . 我不喜歡他每天晚睡的做法。
8 .above all , in all , after all , all in all , for all
〖明晰〗 (1) above all 首先，首要，尤其。如：
Never waste anything . Above all , never waste time . 任何東西都不可浪費(fèi)，尤其不可浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
(2) in all 總共，共計(jì)。如：
Shall I pay you the money in part or in all ? 這筆款子我該給你部分地付還是全部付清泥 ?
(3) after all 畢竟，終究，終歸。如：
He said he would not come in, but he came in after all . 他說(shuō)他不進(jìn)來(lái)，但他畢竟進(jìn)來(lái)了。
(4) all in all總的來(lái)說(shuō)，總計(jì)；完全地。如：
The book has some weak spots , but all in all. I consider it a success . 這本書(shū)有一些缺點(diǎn)，然而總的來(lái)說(shuō)我認(rèn)為它是成功的。
(5) for all 盡管。如：
For all his wealth , he is unhappy . 盡管他很有錢，他并不快樂(lè)。
9. shut up , shut down , shut away , shut in , shut off , shut out
〖明晰〗 (1) shut up 閉嘴，住口。如：
Shut up ! You're just talking nonsense . 住口!你這是在說(shuō)廢話。
(2) shut down 停工，停業(yè)。如：
The automobile plant was shut down for two months as a reasult of the strike . 那家汽車廠由于罷工關(guān)閉了兩個(gè)月。
(3) shut away 限制，隔離，禁閉。如：
Important prisoners were shut away in a remote mountain village . 重要的犯人被監(jiān)禁在偏僻的山林里。
(4) shut in 圍�。魂P(guān)進(jìn)；禁閉(= shut away)。如：
The house was shut in by factories all round . 這房子周圍都被工廠圍住。
(5) shut off 關(guān)停（煤氣，水電等）。如：
They shut off the gas and electricity in their house before leaving on holiday . 他們假日離家前把煤氣和電都關(guān)掉。
(6) shut out 不讓……進(jìn)來(lái)，把……關(guān)在外面(＝ keep…out of)。如：
The late comers were all shut out of the stadium . 遲到者都被關(guān)在體育場(chǎng)外面不讓進(jìn)去。
10. enlarge, expand , extend , widen , broaden , grow , increase
〖明晰〗 (1) enlarge“擴(kuò)大”，指面積，體積和范圍的擴(kuò)大及能力的增大，不指重量、 速度，時(shí)間等。如：
an enlarged meeting擴(kuò)大會(huì)議/The city has enlarged.城市面積擴(kuò)大了。 /The business is enlarging. 企業(yè)在不斷擴(kuò)大。/Reading a lot enlarges the mind. 大量閱讀使人增長(zhǎng)才智。
(2) grow“成長(zhǎng)，長(zhǎng)大”，常用于人、生物的長(zhǎng)大，數(shù)量的增長(zhǎng)不用grow。如：
(SEFC B3 L26) So certain types of plant grow all over the stones and their roots go down into the holes between the stones . 所以某些種類的植物在這些石頭上面長(zhǎng)滿了， 它們的根深深鉆進(jìn)石塊之間的洞穴 之中。
(3) increase 指數(shù)量、程度、財(cái)富、權(quán)力的“增加、增長(zhǎng)”。如：
Total industrial output value increased by 8% . 工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值增長(zhǎng)了百分之八。
(4) expand 膨脹大，extend 延伸長(zhǎng)，widen 和 broaden 為“加寬后擴(kuò)大”。
【妙文賞析】
as poor as a church mouse
教堂 ( church ) 是教徒們進(jìn)行宗教活動(dòng)的地方，教徒們虔誠(chéng)地作禮拜，當(dāng)然沒(méi)有人在這里吃東西，自然也不會(huì)有食品櫥，一切都為得莊嚴(yán)肅穆。所以老鼠想在教堂里找吃的東西，根本的枉費(fèi)心機(jī)，教堂里的老鼠 ( a church mouse ) 是非常窮的，所以就有 as poor as a church mouse 的說(shuō)法，指某人一貧如洗。請(qǐng)看例句：
You want to borrow money from him ? He is as poor as a church mouse .你想向他借錢 ? 他一貧如洗。
英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)掌故浩如煙海、源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)，經(jīng)歷了歲月的磨練，凝聚著民眾的智慧，它簡(jiǎn)潔、生動(dòng)、含蓄幽默，涉及到民間傳說(shuō)、神話寓言、風(fēng)俗時(shí)尚、歷史背景、名人佚事等等各個(gè)方面，英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)掌故不僅能幫我們開(kāi)拓視野、擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面，而且還有助于我們了解英國(guó)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)的起源和發(fā)展，因此了解、熟悉英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)掌故無(wú)疑是學(xué)好英語(yǔ)的一條必不可少的途徑。
【思維體操】
“心”譯
1. after one’s heart 2. a heart of gold
3. find in one’s heart to 4. have sth at heart
5. heart and soul 6.heart to heart
7. pluck up one’s heart 8. put one’s heart into
9. with a light heart 10. with one’s whole heart
答案：1、稱心如意 2、道德高尚 3、心甘情愿 4、牢記在心 5、全心全意 6、開(kāi)誠(chéng)布公 7、鼓起勇氣 8、專心致志 9、輕松愉快 10、誠(chéng)心誠(chéng)意
三、智能顯示
【心中有數(shù)】
單元語(yǔ)法發(fā)散思維
一、易錯(cuò)用的主謂語(yǔ)一致 14 點(diǎn)
1. each + 名詞 + and each + 名詞用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
〔 錯(cuò)例 〕Each boy and each girl have got an apple .
〔 改正 〕改 have 為 has .
〔 歸納 〕下面兩種情況，動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)：
A . every + 名詞 + and every + 名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)：
Every man and every woman in the village is here .
B . no + 名詞 + and no + 名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)：
No teacher and no student has seen the film .
2. 當(dāng)一個(gè)人兼兩種身份而作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
〔 錯(cuò)例 〕Her teacher and friend often help her to paint .
〔 改正 〕改 help 為 helps。
〔 歸納 〕兩個(gè)名詞用 and 連接用作主語(yǔ)，重復(fù)使用冠詞和不重復(fù)使用冠詞時(shí)，動(dòng)詞可能不一樣。下列短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù) ( 第二個(gè)冠詞省略了 ) ： a boy and girl , a man and woman , the Chinese and Japanese language , the oil and textile industry , a teacher and student , a cow and ox等。如：比較：
A journalist and a novelist have come to see you .
A journalist and novelist has come to see you .
A man and woman are walking on the street .
3.and 連接的兩個(gè)名詞表達(dá)一個(gè)共同的概念或一個(gè)完整的東西時(shí)應(yīng)視作單數(shù)。
〔 錯(cuò)例 〕A cart and horse are seen coming to us .
〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is。
〔 歸納〕以下名詞短語(yǔ)都可視作單數(shù)。a watch and chain 一塊帶鏈的表，a needle and thread 一套針線，a knife and fork 一副刀叉，a cup and saucer 一套碟子茶杯，a coat and tie 一件上衣帶領(lǐng)帶，bread and butter 奶油面包，aim and end 目的，truth and honesty 真誠(chéng)，child care and education 對(duì)孩子的管教，time and tide 歲月，the long and short of it 總的意思,iron and steel 鋼鐵,law and order 治安,soup and salad 湯與涼拌菜 ,hard struggle and plain living 艱苦奮斗與生活簡(jiǎn)樸。
4. Mary a + 單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
〔 錯(cuò)例 〕Many a scientist have devoted their lives to science .
〔 改正 〕改have 為 has
〔 歸納 〕A . a great many , a good many 都需要接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。B . more than one + 名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。C. more than one 不接名詞時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。D.在 there be 結(jié)構(gòu)里用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。如：There is ( 或 are ) more than one student in the classroom .
5. one and a half …與 a + 名詞 + or two 作主語(yǔ)
〔 錯(cuò)例 〕One and a half cakes are left on the plate .
〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is 。
〔 歸納 〕one and half + 名詞作主語(yǔ)習(xí)慣上視作單數(shù)，但名詞需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。One or two + 名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)視作復(fù)數(shù)；而 a + 名詞 + or two 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)卻可視作單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。如：
There are one or two things I want to tell you .
A word or two is ( 或 are ) needed here . 這兒還需要一兩個(gè)詞。
6 . ( together ) with + 名詞不影響原來(lái)主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)。
〔 錯(cuò)例 〕Mr.Wang , together with his wife , have gone to Australia .
〔 改正 〕改 have 為 has。
〔 歸納 〕下列詞語(yǔ)與名詞連用均不影響原來(lái)主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)：as well as , along with , as much as , but , except , in company with , more than , no less than , like , rather than , plus 等。
7 . 數(shù)詞 + 名詞表示重量、長(zhǎng)短、距離、錢數(shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)、時(shí)間等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
〔 錯(cuò)例 〕Twenty years are too long for a man's life .
〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is。
〔 歸納 〕動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)是因?yàn)槲覀儼堰@些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看成一個(gè)整體。如：
Three hours is enough for him to perform the operation .
表示艱苦難熬的歲月、時(shí)日作主語(yǔ)時(shí)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：
The first fifty years are the hardest . 最初的五十年是最艱難的。
8 . A number of books 與 The number of books 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)選用數(shù)不相同的動(dòng)詞。
〔 錯(cuò)例 〕The number of books are twenty-three .
〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is。
〔 歸納〕A . the number of…意思是“…的數(shù)目；……的號(hào)碼”，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；a number of…意思是“許多…”，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The number of the key is 207 .
B . the average of + 名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)：an average of + 名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：
The average of letters received each week is 600 . 平均每周收到的信件是600件。
An average of 600 letters a week are received by the newspaper's office . 報(bào)館每周平均收到600封信。
9.a basket of eggs 等作主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
〔 錯(cuò)例 〕A basket of pears are not enough for them .
〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is。
〔 歸納 〕下面短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)：a basket of ( eggs ) 一籃 ( 雞蛋 ) ，a cluster of ( grapes ) 一串 ( 葡萄 ) ， a pile of ( apples ) 一堆 ( 蘋(píng)果 )， a team of ( football players ) 一隊(duì) ( 足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員 ) 。但 a group of ( students ) 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。但：A group of girls are playing hide-and-seek .
10 .The rest ( of + 名詞 ) 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不一定用單數(shù)。
〔 錯(cuò)例 〕The rest of the students is girls .
〔 改正 〕改 is 為 are。
〔 歸納 〕下面的詞語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)或作主語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)則根據(jù)這些詞所代表的名詞的數(shù)或修飾的名詞的數(shù)來(lái)決定動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)：Who , what , which , all , any , more , most , some , a lot of , lots of , plenty of , quantities of 以及 half , part , the rest , the remainder , 分?jǐn)?shù)，百分?jǐn)?shù)等。試對(duì)比：
Which are yours , the green ones or the red ones ?
Which is yours , the big one or the small one ?
There is only a little ink . All is here .
There are three books here . All a re written in English .
Twenty percent of the skin has been burnt .
Twenty percent of the machines are exported .
Two -thirds of the surface of the earth is water .
Three-thirds of the books are novels .
11. 某些集體名詞作主語(yǔ)，意在其成員時(shí)，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。
〔 錯(cuò)例 〕Our family is all early risers .
〔 改正 〕改 is 為 are。
〔 歸納 〕這一類名詞有： class 班，club 俱樂(lè)部，crew 全體船員 ( 乘務(wù)員 ) ，committee 委員會(huì)，couple 一對(duì)夫婦，crowd 人群，group 組、隊(duì) , audience 觀眾，聽(tīng)眾，family 家庭，firm 公司；商號(hào)，flock 一群人，government 政府，public 公眾，union 工會(huì)；聯(lián)合會(huì)，team 隊(duì)，England ( football team ) 英格蘭足球隊(duì)，等。這些名詞用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如被看作整體，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，代詞可用 it，its，which。如果是指該整體的成員，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)，代詞用 they，their , who。但要注意主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞、代詞在數(shù)方面的一致。如：
不可說(shuō)：The crowd moves on . No one tries to stop them .
應(yīng)該說(shuō)：The crowd moves on . No one tries to stop it .
The class is big .
The class are practising swimming .
12. the country 可指“全國(guó)人民”，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
〔 錯(cuò)例 〕The country are opposed to war .
〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is。
〔 歸納 〕表示“全體人”的這類名詞還有：city , college , factory , house , school , table , town , university , world 等。它們與 the 連用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)。如：
The whole table has heard what he said .
The whole university is against the changes .
整個(gè)大學(xué)的人都反對(duì)這些改變。
The world knows that pollution has become a serious problem .
世界人民知道，污染已成了嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題。
13. the + 形容詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不一定用復(fù)數(shù)。
〔 錯(cuò)例 〕The old is respected in our country .
〔 改正 〕改 is 為 are 。
〔 歸納 〕定冠詞 + 形容詞時(shí)，如表示一類人作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。常見(jiàn)的這一類有：the absent 缺席者，the aged 老年人，the brave 勇敢者，the dead 死人，the dying 要死的人，the deaf and mute 聾啞人，the disabled 殘疾人，the exploited 被剝削者，the homeless 無(wú)家可歸的人，the living 活著的人，the lost 失蹤的人，the old 老年人，the oppressed 被壓迫者，the poor 窮人，the present 出席的人，the rich 富人 ，the sick 病人，the strong 強(qiáng)者，the weak 弱者，the wise 聰明人，the wounded 傷員，the young 青年人等。
14. 用 either…or 連接的兩個(gè)名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，最接近動(dòng)詞的名詞或代詞決定動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)。
〔 錯(cuò)例 〕Either you or I are wrong .
〔 改正 〕改 are 為 am。
〔 歸納 〕涉及到類似用法的連詞有 or , not only…but ( also ) 和 neither…nor。如：
You , he or I am to be sent to the front .
Neither you nor I am a doctor .
Not only you but also he has been to the Great Wall .
Are either you or he against this plan ?
【動(dòng)腦動(dòng)手】
單元能力立體檢測(cè)
1 . 美麗的長(zhǎng)城值得一看。
誤：The beautiful Great Wall is worth to visit .
正：The beautiful Great Wall is worth visiting .
析：worth 是形容詞，后面要跟名詞或動(dòng)詞 - ing 形式，不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式。如將上面的 to visit 改成 a visit 也是正確的。
2 . 到了上學(xué)期末，我已學(xué)習(xí)將近兩千個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。
誤：By the end of last term , I learned nearly two thousand English words .
正：By the end of last term , I had learned nearly two thousand English words .
析：這里的 by 有“before ( 在……之前 ) ”或“not later than ( 不遲于 ) ”的意思，表示“在 ( 某時(shí) ) 前”或“到某時(shí)”已發(fā)生某事或出現(xiàn)某種情況，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用完成時(shí)態(tài)。句中是“上學(xué)期末”，所以用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。
3 . 那人走過(guò)來(lái)奪了老人的包。
誤：The man came over and took the possession of the old man's bag .
正：The man came over and took possession of the old man's bag .
析：“take possession of”意為“奪取、占有”，是固定的表達(dá)方式，一般在 possession 前面不用 the。
4 . 這些動(dòng)物對(duì)美洲土著人的生活有很大影響。
誤：These animals had a great effect to the life of Native Americans .
正：These animals had a great effect on the life of Native Americans .
析：“have an effect on ( upon ) ”是固定搭配，意為“對(duì)……有影響”，“對(duì)……起作用”，effect 后面跟介詞要用 on 或 upon，不能隨意改動(dòng)。
5 . 他突然間擊了她的頭。
誤：All of a sudden he hit her on her head .
正：All of a sudden he hit her on the head .
析：漢語(yǔ)中“打某人的頭”，在英語(yǔ)中常用“hit + sb . + on + the + 身體部位”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。值得注意的是其中冠詞 the 不能用物主代詞代替。又如：
He hit the boy in the face . 他打了孩子的臉。 ( face 前面要用 the , 不能用物主代詞。 )
6 . 他沒(méi)有逃跑得了，被俘了。
誤：He failed to run away and was taken the prisoner .
正：He failed to run away and was taken prisoner .
析：“to take prisoner”，意為“被監(jiān)禁”、“被俘”，是個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)，prisoner 前面不能用冠詞。但是 take 這個(gè)動(dòng)詞可以用 keep 或 hold 代替。又如： He was taken ( held , kept ) prisoner in a small island . 他被囚禁在一個(gè)小島上。
7 . 他一到達(dá)，就被賣給一個(gè)農(nóng)民當(dāng)奴隸。
誤：At his arrival he was sold to a farmer as a slave .
正：On his arrival he was sold to a farmer as a slave .
析：“on one's arrival”是一個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)，其中介詞要用 on，不能用別的詞代替。
8 . 報(bào)社給他提供了一些資金。
誤：His newspaper provided him some money .
正：His newspaper provided him with some money .
析：“為某人提供某物”，用 provide 表達(dá)有兩種方式，一是“provide sb . with sth . ”，另一種是“provide sth . for sb . ”，也就是說(shuō)要用介詞搭配，誤句中少用了介詞。度比較：
The government is trying to provide the unemployed with jobs . ( = The government is trying to provide jobs for the unemployed . ) 政府正力圖為失業(yè)者提供就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。
9 . 他一登臺(tái)，我就認(rèn)出他來(lái)了。
誤：I recognized him the moment when he appeared on the stage .
正：I recognized him the moment he appeared on the stage .
析：the moment 雖是名詞，但在這兒可以作連詞用，相當(dāng)于 as soon as , 因此后面再用 when 就是多余的了。類似的名詞如 the minute , the second 等也可以這樣。上面正句里的 the moment 也可以用 the minute , the second 來(lái)代替。又如：
The moment / minute / second you arrive at the port , please telephone me . 你一到達(dá)港口，就請(qǐng)給我打個(gè)電話。
10 . 你們當(dāng)中一人扮演哈利，另一個(gè)人扮演記者。
誤：One of you plays role of Harley , and the other role of a reporter .
正：One of you play the role of Harley , and the other the role of a reporter .
析：role 作“角色”解，通常構(gòu)成“play ( take ) the role of . . . ”結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“扮演……角色”。這是固定搭配，“the”不可少。又如：
He wishes to take ( play ) the role of a king . 他想扮演國(guó)王。
但是，role 前可以用形容詞修飾，例如：
Both of them wanted to play ( take ) the leading role . 他們倆都想演主角。
11 . 他每次進(jìn)城總要拜訪他的老師。
誤：Every time he came to the city , he would visit his teacher .
正：Every time he came to the city , he would visit his teacher .
析：“every time”是個(gè)名詞詞組，用作從屬連詞，引出時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“每一……就……”。不能像誤句那樣連寫(xiě)。又如：
Copy it down every time you come to a beautiful sentence . 每當(dāng)你碰到一個(gè)漂亮的句子就把它抄下來(lái)。
12 . 年輕人應(yīng)該永遠(yuǎn)尊敬老年人。
誤：Youth should always show the respect to old age .
正：Youth should always show respect to old age .
析：“show respect to”是一個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)，意思是“對(duì)某人表示尊重”，其中 respect 是不可數(shù)名詞，前面不用冠詞，但是可以有修飾詞修飾。其中 show 可以用 have 代替，介詞 to 也可用 for 代替。例如：
She had / showed no respect to / for manager . 她對(duì)經(jīng)理一點(diǎn)也不尊重。
They have / show a great respect to / for the journalists .他們對(duì)記者非常敬重。
【創(chuàng)新園地】
寫(xiě)一篇短文，簡(jiǎn)述 Green School 受歡迎的原因。請(qǐng)?jiān)诙涛闹邪韵聝?nèi)容：
1 . 歷史悠久。
2 . 校園美麗。
3 . 設(shè)備良好。教學(xué)樓、實(shí)驗(yàn)室、語(yǔ)音室、計(jì)算機(jī)房、圖書(shū)館及體育館都屬全市最好的。
4 . 收費(fèi)合理，每學(xué)期3000。
5 . 教師出色，大部分畢業(yè)于名牌大學(xué)。他們耐心，有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，熱愛(ài)學(xué)生。
注意：不要逐條翻譯。詞數(shù)：110字左右。
（請(qǐng)同學(xué)們寫(xiě)好后把答案反饋給我們）
【創(chuàng)新園地】答案
Why is Green School so popular in our city ?
For one thing , the school has a long history . Its school garden is very beautiful with trees and flowers everywhere . It is also well equipped . The classroom buildings , the experiment labs and the sound labs , the computer rooms , the library as well as the gymnasium are among the best of all schools . Besides , the tuition is only 3000 a term , less than that of other schools . But the most important reason for its popularity is the excellent teachers in Green School . Most teachers graduated from well-known universities and colleges . They have great patience , much experience and especially , deep love for the students .
Unit 15 Study Skills
四、 同步題庫(kù)
(一)根據(jù)下列句子及所給漢語(yǔ)注釋或英語(yǔ)字母提示，寫(xiě)出空缺處各單詞的正確形式
1.“Man is born free yet everywhere he is in (束縛).”said Rousseau.
2.The policeman was (抓住)the thief by the collar when a police car sped by without stopping.
3.Man's ability to (推理)makes him different from the animals.
4.He did nothing but (嘆息).
5.Can you (聞到)something burning?
6.The y is the future of country.
7.She has got cancer of the throat; it's a h case.
8.You look different by d from at night.
9.The c of this hat was $100.
10.Being c , he is always making mistakes.
(二)根據(jù)句意，選擇適當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)填空
1.He appeared in his of office.
A.jackets B.coats C.clothings D.robes
2.I tried not to hurt his .
A.fiilings B.emotion C.sense D.passion
3.Her performance will be impressed upon my for a long time.
A.mind B.heart C.head D.medal
4.The runner won a gold .
A.motel B.model C.metal D.soul
5.Some at the door is asking for you, sir.
A.Germans B.Japanese C.Frenchmen D.Americans
6.I'm sorry she didn't tell me when she will .
A.get back B.return back C.arrive back D.reach here
7.I have nothing more to say .
A.for a moment B.return back C.arrive back D.reach here
8.Though we hadn't seen each other for about twenty years, I easily recognized
Mr Ford he into the hall.
A.the moment,stepped B.the moment,entered
C.in the moment,walked D.in the moment,passed
9.The emperor gave the cheats some gold in that they might begin their work at once.
A.order B.orders C.ordered D.ordering
10. make enough money to have education,the little girl had to work hard
day and night.
A.In order to B.So as to C.In order that D.So that
11.Although they met with much difficulty,the young scientists gheir minds to go on with the experiment.
A.took up B.made up C.done up D.decided
12.At the meeting a lot of were given medals for their new inventions.
We can see that of our country have lofty ideals(崇高理想)
A.youths,the youths B.youth,the youth
C.youths,the youth D.youth,the young
13.Bats sleep and come out to hunt for food at night.
A.by the daylight B.in the daytime
C.in daytime D.at daytime
14.He usually goes to work on the bike, but he goes by bus.
A.once in a while B.once more
C.once upon a time D.once again
15.The flowers are in full bloom, a sweet smell.
A.give B.to send off
C.sent out D.giving out
16.Dark clouds are a of rain.
A.sigh B.signal
C.mark D.sign
17.I have a tape recorder. My aunt gave to me.
A.it B.one
C.this D.that
18.-Are the girls going to the meeting?
- .
A.I know so B.I am sure so
C.I am sure of it D.I question it
19. I didn't want to go with you. I really had too many things to do at that time.
A.It isn't that B.It wasn't that
C.It won't be that D.It hasn't been that
20.Is a boy or a girl?
A.he B.she C.it D.one
21.I don't have a dictionary but I am going to buy .
A.it B.one C.this D.that
22.-Are they coming to the meeting?
- .
A.I suppose so B.I hope it
C.I am afraid of it D.I don't think this
23.Does mater if he can't finish the job in time?
A.this B.that C.he D.it
24.My typist has not returned my paper yet,but she promised by tomorrow.
A.for me to have it ready B.it,talking
C.me it was ready D.to have it ready for me
25.Do you think and use to him again?
A.it,to talk B.it,talking
C.that,to talk D.that,talking
(三)動(dòng)詞填空
reason,roll,sigh,give out,make up one's mind
1.He is said not to stay there any longer.
2.Roses a sweet smell.
3.The bicycle hit me and sent me .
4.She that if we started at dawn,we could arrive before noon.
5.He did nothing but .
(四)短文改錯(cuò)
One day I took several pairs of shoes to the shoemaker to 1.
be mend.After a week I took them back and put
them away.Four months later,my husband and I 2.
invited to dinner.I took the pair of shoes I hadn't
worn them since they were mended.I put one shoe on my 3.
right foot,then I put the other on my left. 4.
But it was felt as if it was on wrong foot.I 5.
took both shoes off for closer look.They were 6.
exactly the same style(樣式),color and size,
but every was for the right foot.Then I thought of 7.
the shoemaker.Though I was sure he wouldn't 8.
remember me after such a long time,I called him.
“Thank good,you finally called!”He said excitedly. 9.
“An angry woman has been troubled me for months!” 10.
答案：(一)1.chains 2.seizing 3.reason 4.sigh 5.smell 6.youth 7.hopeless 8.daylight 9.cost 10.careless
(二)1-5 DAADB 6-10 ACAAA 11-15 BCBAD 16-20 DACBC 21-25BADDB
(三)1.to have made up his mind 2.give out 3.rolling 4.reasoned 5.sigh
(四)1.mend改為mended 2.I 的后面加were 3.去掉them 4.then 前加and 5.去掉felt 前的was 6.for 后加a 7.every 改為each 8 沒(méi)錯(cuò)9.good 改為goodness 10.troubled 改為troubling