詞匯導(dǎo)練
1．To avoid ____________(混淆)，the teams wore different colors.
2．The Chinese ____________(文明)is one of the oldest in the world.
3．The professor gave us a lively ____________(講座)last night.
4. The ____________(遺跡)of the castle can still be seen on the hill.
5．London is still the ____________(文化的)capital of the country.
6．Don’t worry. I’m sure your children will ____________(漸漸地)learn to understand you.
7．Gibbons failed to see the ____________(商業(yè)的)value of his discovery.
8．The volcano ____________ suddenly，so the town at its base was destroyed.
9．If you want to make a new skirt，you had better buy the cotton ____________.
10．Yesterday a bomb ____________ in the center of the city.
11．Two buildings were ____________ by fire last night in Tokyo.
12．I’m ____________(feed)up with the speaker’s long and dull speech.
1.confusion 2.civilization 3.lecture 4.remains,5.cultural 6.gradually 7.commercial 8.erupted 9.material 10.exploded 11.destroyed 12.fed
短語匯集
1．____________________ 奪取；接管
2．____________________ 處于良好的狀態(tài)
3．____________________ 實施，執(zhí)行，進行
4．____________________ 在船上(飛機上或火車上)；上船 (飛機或火車)
5．____________________ 紀(jì)念
6．____________________ 使用中
7．____________________ 作為回報
8．____________________ 不復(fù)存在；不再
9．____________________ 位于……
10．____________________ 提到，涉及到，參考
1.take over 2.in good condition 3.carry out 4.on board 5.in memory of 6.in use 7.in return 8.no more 9.be located in... 10.refer to
語句試譯
1．(回歸課本P42)Near the city ________ ________ ________ called Vesuvius.
在城市附近有一座叫維蘇威的火山。
2．(回歸課本P43)Unfortunately，all the people were buried alive，and ________ ________ the city!
很不幸，所有的人都被活埋了，城市也被埋了！
3．(回歸課本P43)________ ________ ________ by many people to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms from AD 200 to AD 500.
很多人相信，它是在公元200年至公元500年之間被風(fēng)沙漸漸覆蓋了。
4．(回歸課本P47)________ ________ ________，China has many historical archaeological sites...
正如你所知，中國有許多歷史考古現(xiàn)場……
5．(回歸課本P58)________ ________ ________ Rome a city and a republic，________ it was ________ to become the capital of one of the largest empires in history.
羅馬不僅是個城市和共和國，它也注定成為歷史上最大帝國之一的首都。
1.was a volcano 2.so was 3.It is believed 4.As you know 5.Not only was；but；also
核心知識
1. bury vt. 覆蓋；埋葬；埋藏
(回歸課本P43)Unfortunately，all the people were buried alive，and so was the city!
不幸的是，所有的人都被活埋了，城市也不例外！
歸納拓展
【溫馨提示】 此類詞組易考查過去分詞作狀語。
例句探源
①(朗文P257)Two cars were buried in the mudslide.
兩輛車被埋在泥流中。
②(牛津P262)The miners were buried alive when the tunnel collapsed.坑道塌方，礦工都被活埋。
③He was sitting with his head buried in a book.
他坐著埋頭讀書。
1．完成句子
(1)如果發(fā)生雪崩，滑雪者可能會被雪活埋。
If an avalanche strikes，skiers can ________ ________ ________ by snow.
答案：be buried alive
(2)專心于讀報，他沒注意到他的爸爸。
________ ________ reading his newspaper，he didn’t take notice of his dad.
答案：Buried in
(3)她雙手蒙著臉哭了起來。
She ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ and cried.
答案：buried her face in her hands
2．________ writing the article，Mrs.Curie even forgot her dinner.
A．Absorbed in B．Absorbing at
C．Having absorbed by D．To absorb in
解析：選A。be absorbed in“專心于”。句意：居里夫人專心寫文章以至于忘了吃飯。
★3.(2011年湖南綜合模擬題)________ in the mountains for a week，we were finally saved by the local police.
A．Having lost B．Losing
C．Being lost D．Lost
解析：選D。分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語是句子的主語，若分詞和邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞，若是被動關(guān)系，則用過去分詞。be lost in“迷路”，lose和其邏輯主語we之間是被動關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞作狀語。
2. ruin vt. 毀滅/壞，使破產(chǎn)
n．[U] 毀壞，毀滅，崩潰；(金錢等的)完全喪失
[C](pl.) 廢墟，遺跡
(回歸課本P43)An archaeologist from the local cultural institute，Professor Zhang，told us that 100 years ago the Swedish explorer Sven Hedin discovered the ruins of the Loulan Kingdom.
一個來自本地文化研究所的考古學(xué)家，張教授告訴我們100年前瑞典探險家Sven Hedin發(fā)現(xiàn)了古樓蘭王國的遺址。
歸納拓展
例句探源
①(朗文P1786)Alcohol and drugs almost ruined his career.
酒精和毒品幾乎毀掉了他的事業(yè)。
②(牛津P1747)A large number of churches fell into ruin after the revolution.革命過后，許多教堂都?xì)Я恕?/p>
③Years of fighting have left the area in ruins.
經(jīng)年的戰(zhàn)事已經(jīng)使得這個地區(qū)滿目瘡痍。
易混辨析
damage，harm，hurt，ruin，destroy
這五個動詞均有“損害，傷害”之意。
(1)damage多用于無生命的東西，指“價值、用途降低或外表損壞等，不一定全部破壞，而且還可以修復(fù)”。這種損壞是自然災(zāi)害或人為過失造成的。
(2)harm指對人或物的傷害或損壞，側(cè)重身體或心理上的傷害。
(3)hurt指任何肉體或精神上的傷害，強調(diào)其痛苦的后果。
(4)ruin通常指無可挽回的傷害，但不一定指完全毀滅，含有在一定的過程中逐漸毀掉的意思。此外ruin多用于借喻中，泛指一般的“壞了”。
(5)destroy強調(diào)以具有摧毀或殺傷性的力量把某物徹底毀掉；也可用于比喻，表示“打破(希望、計劃)，使失敗”。
①You will ruin no more lives as you ruined mine.
②There was an unexpected explosion in our street，but our building wasn’t harmed at all.
③The fire destroyed most of the buildings.
④You’ll hurt her feelings if you forget her birthday.
⑤Jack had an accident and damaged his bike.
4．翻譯句子
地震過后，全城到處是斷壁殘垣。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：The earthquake left the whole city in ruins.
★5.(2011年鹽城統(tǒng)考)With the reputation ________，food companies need to ________ their image.
A．ruining；promote
B．ruined；polish up
C．to ruin；improve
D．to be ruined；change
解析：選D。第一空考查with引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，to be ruined表示將要被毀壞，而ruined表示已徹底毀壞。第二空考查動詞辨析。promote“促進”；polish up“修改，潤飾”；improve“提高，改善(生活)”；change“改變”。根據(jù)句意，D項正確。
3. drive v． 驅(qū)使，迫使；驅(qū)趕；駕駛，開車
n． 開車旅行，開車路程；驅(qū)動器
(回歸課本P48)The heat almost drove me crazy even though I was wearing very thin cotton trousers to keep me cool.
盡管我穿著很薄的棉褲保持涼爽，但是熱量還是逼得我要發(fā)瘋。
歸納拓展
例句探源
①(牛津P613)Could you drive me home?
你可以開車送我回家嗎？
②(朗文P623)This job is enough to drive you to drink.
這項工作足以把任何人逼得借酒消愁。
③A man driven by jealousy is capable of anything.
嫉妒心可以使人什么都做得出來。
④He leaves dirty clothes all over the floor and it’s driving me mad.地板上到處都是他扔的臟衣服，真要把我給氣瘋了。
6．根據(jù)句意填詞：
(1)Your bad temper will drive your wife ________.Be careful.
答案：mad
(2)The car just drove ________ as fast as it could after the accident happened.
答案：away
(3)After the terrorism attack，the stores in the city have been driven ________.
答案：closed
(4)The children are driving me ________ despair.
答案：to
(5)The oil shortage drove the gas price ________ by 30 cents a gallon.
答案：up
4. concerned adj. 擔(dān)心的，關(guān)心的；有關(guān)的
(回歸課本P51)A concerned citizen
一位關(guān)心這件事的市民
歸納拓展
everyday concerns日常事務(wù)
feel concern about憂慮，掛念
have no concern for毫不關(guān)心
show concern for sb./sth.關(guān)心某人/某事
with concern關(guān)切地
(4)concerning prep.關(guān)于
例句探源
①(牛津P408)The president is deeply concerned about this issue.總統(tǒng)對這個問題深感擔(dān)憂。
②(朗文P409)Businesses concerned with the oil industry do not support solar energy research.
與石油有關(guān)的企業(yè)都不支持太陽能的研究。
③We asked the American professor many questions concerning American higher education after class.課后我們問了那位美國教授許多關(guān)于美國高等教育方面的問題。
④It is impossible so far as we are concerned.
就我們而言，這是不可能的。
⑤She is always concerning herself about other people’s business.她老是操心別人的事。
⑥That’s no concern of mine.這不關(guān)我的事。
7．完成句子
(1)我們都為他們的安全擔(dān)心。
We are ________ ________ ________ their safety.
答案：all concerned for
(2)這事對孩子的健康成長影響極大。
This ________ ________ ________ ________ of the children deeply.
答案：concerns the healthy growth
(3)他非常擔(dān)心兒子的病情。
He ________ ________ ________ for his son’s illness.
答案：showed great concern
★8.________，education is about learning and the more you learn，the more equipped for life you are.
A．As far as I concerned
B．As far as I am concerned
C．So far as I am concerning
D．So far as I was concerned
解析：選B。as/so far as sb./sth.be concerned是一固定結(jié)構(gòu)，“就……而言”，排除A、C，再根據(jù)后文的education is...，可知應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，排除D。
5. declare vt. 宣布；聲明；表明；斷言；宣稱
vi. 聲明；(公開)表態(tài)
(回歸課本P55)The next day，US President Franklin Roosevelt declared war against Japan.
第二天，美國總統(tǒng)富蘭克林羅斯福宣布對日作戰(zhàn)。
歸納拓展
declare that...宣布……
declare sb./sth.(to be)＋adj.宣布某人/某物……
declare for/against...公開表示支持/反對
declare war on/against(對……)宣戰(zhàn)
declaration n.宣布，宣言，宣告，聲明；申報，聲明(書)
例句探源
①(朗文P523)Severe flooding prompted the governer to declare a state of emergency Tuesday.
嚴(yán)重的洪水迫使州長星期二宣布進入緊急狀態(tài)。
②(牛津P518)Germany declared war on France on 1 August 1914.德國在1914年8月1日向法國宣戰(zhàn)。
③His actions declared him(to be)an honest man.
他的行動說明他是個老實人。
易混辨析
announce，declare
都有“宣布，公布”之意，但各有側(cè)重。
(1)announce 指正式地“公開，發(fā)表，宣布”，側(cè)重“預(yù)告”人們所關(guān)心或感興趣的事情，尤指新聞之類的消息。
(2)declare 指正式和明確地向公眾“宣布，宣告，聲明”，多用于宣戰(zhàn)、議和、宣判等。
①The government announced that all the war prisoners would be set free.
②The Americans protested and in the end the American runner was declared the winner.
9．The judges had different ideas about the results，so it was two hours before the results were ________.
A．cried out B．let out
C．a(chǎn)nnounced D．declared
解析：選D。announce 多用于宣布人們所關(guān)心或感興趣的事情，尤指新聞之類的消息；declare 多用于宣戰(zhàn)、議和等；cry out 喊出來；let out 泄露，放大。句意：法官對結(jié)果有不同的意見，所以兩個小時后才宣布結(jié)果。
★10.(2011年江蘇基礎(chǔ)鞏固題)At the conference the Chinese foreign minister________his opinion that China was strongly against the terrorism.
A．declared B．a(chǎn)nnounced
C．stated D．showed
解析：選C。state 在此表示“陳述”之意。declare 與announce 都是“宣布”之意，可以被排除。
11．The government ________ the citizens that they should have their income tax ________ in time.
A．a(chǎn)nnounced；pay
B．a(chǎn)nnounced to；pay
C．a(chǎn)nnounced to；paid
D．a(chǎn)nnounced；paid
解析：選C。announce后接人要加to；pay與tax之間有被動含義，要用過去分詞。
6. remains n． 殘余物；遺跡；遺體；遺址
(回歸課本P43)Sven found the remains of buildings buried under the sand，together with a lot of treasures，such as coins，painted pots，silk materials，documents and wall paintings.
斯文發(fā)現(xiàn)了埋葬在沙子下面的建筑物遺跡，以及很多諸如錢幣、彩繪罐、絲綢、文獻和壁畫等珍貴文物。
歸納拓展
例句探源
①(牛津P1681)She fed the remains of her lunch to the dog.
她把剩下的午飯喂狗了。
②(朗文P1725)One remaining couple carried on dancing.
還剩下一對夫妻繼續(xù)在跳舞。
③(2009年高考安徽卷)There remains a certain doubt among the people as to the practical value of the project.
關(guān)于那個工程的實用價值，人們還是心存某種疑慮。
④You have the right to remain silent.
你有保持沉默的權(quán)利。
⑤Worse things remain to be told.
更糟的事情留待以后再說。
⑥Remain here till I return.留在這兒，直到我回來。
12．(2010年高考重慶卷)The palace caught fire three times in the last century，and little of the original building ________ now.
A．remains
B．is remained
C．is remaining
D．has been remained
解析：選A。本題考查謂語動詞。從本句的時間副詞“now”可以確定為現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，而動詞“remain”是個不及物動詞，沒有被動語態(tài)，故排除B，D；且沒有進行時態(tài)，排除C。因為表達“留存”意義的remain本身就表示狀態(tài)，故選A。句意： 這座宮殿在上世紀(jì)著了三次大火，故現(xiàn)在幾乎沒有留下多少原先的建筑。
★13.(2009年高考四川卷)Ladies and gentlemen，please remain________until the plane has come to a complete stop.
A．seated B．seating
C．to seat D．seat
解析：選A。句意：女士們，先生們，請在飛機完全停下來之后，再離開座位。remain仍然是；保持不變，在這里是一個連系動詞。be/remain seated保持坐著的狀態(tài)，seated(＝sitting)是由過去分詞變來的形容詞，作remain的表語，表狀態(tài)。
★14.(2009年高考山東卷)The little girl who got lost decided to remain________she was and wait for her mother.
A．where B．what
C．how D．who
解析：選A。句意：那個迷路的小女孩決定待在原地等她的母親。where引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句。
7. condition n.
(回歸課本P53)Most of them were in good condition.
它們中大多數(shù)都保存完好。
歸納拓展
in good condition狀態(tài)良好；身體健康
out of condition身體不適
on condition that條件是
on no condition決不(如果放在句首，句子倒裝)
on this/that/what condition在這個/那個/什么條件下
living/housing/working conditions生活/住房/工作條件
例句探源
①(朗文P412)The car has been well maintained and is in excellent condition.這輛車一直保養(yǎng)得很好，車況極佳。
②(牛津P411)They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we return it before the weekend.
他們同意借車給我們，條件是周末以前歸還。
③She helped improve prison conditions and gave prisoners work and education.
她幫助改善監(jiān)獄的條件，讓囚犯勞動，接受教育。
★15.(2009年高考陜西卷)From their ________ on the top of the TV Tower，visitors can have a better view of the city.
A．stage B．position
C．condition D．situation
解析：選B。句意：從他們在電視塔頂?shù)奈恢�，游客們可以更好地看到這個城市。stage“階段；舞臺”；position“位置；地位；姿勢”；condition“條件，環(huán)境，情形”；situation“形勢，環(huán)境”。根據(jù)句意B項正確。
★16.(2011年江蘇海安金陵中學(xué)高三聯(lián)考)-Why did you refuse to move into the office?
-Because it was really in a poor ________and dirty.
A．form B．situation
C．shape D．state
解析：選D。in any form/shape “某事物的任何形式”；in the shape/form of“以……的形式”；in a situation “處于……的境地；陷入……的狀況”；in a poor state “處于糟糕、混亂或不整潔的狀態(tài)”。句意：--你為什么拒絕搬進辦公室？--因為它真的很破很臟。
★17.She is in a poor ________ of health，which worries her mother a lot.
A．position B．situation
C．state D．condition
解析：選C。position位置，職位；situation位置，形勢；state狀態(tài)，in a good/poor state of ...是固定詞組，意為“處于……狀態(tài)”；condition條件。
18．(2010年高考遼寧卷)I agree to his suggestion ________ the condition that he drops all charges.
A．by B．in
C．on D．to
解析：選C。句意：我同意他的建議，條件是他降低費用。on condition that，“條件是”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。
8. carry out 實施；執(zhí)行；實現(xiàn)；完成
(回歸課本P55)A surprise attack was carried out there by the Japanese in 1941.
1941年，日本軍隊進行了一次突然襲擊。
歸納拓展
(1)carry out 后常接以下詞作賓語：
carry out a plan 執(zhí)行計劃
carry out a promise 實踐諾言
carry out an order 執(zhí)行命令
carry out repairs 進行維修
carry out the test 進行考試
carry out an experiment 進行實驗
carry out an instruction 遵照指示
carry out a suggestion 執(zhí)行建議
(2)carry 構(gòu)成的短語：
carry off 奪取(生命)；獲得(獎項)；應(yīng)付,
carry on 繼續(xù)下去
carry away 運走；使……失控/著迷
carry through 貫徹，完成，維持
例句探源
①(牛津P294)Extensive tests have been carried out on the patient.已對患者進行了全面檢查。
②(朗文P289)Teenagers carried out a survey on attitudes to drugs.青少年對人們對待毒品的態(tài)度進行了調(diào)查。
③We’ll carry on our conversation tomorrow.
我們明天繼續(xù)展開對話。
④His courage will carry him through。
他的勇氣會幫他渡過難關(guān)。
⑤She was carried away by the music and started to sing it herself.她被那樂曲迷住了，也跟著唱起來。
⑥He carried off most of the prizes.
他贏得了大部分獎項。
★19.The meal over，the managers went back to the meeting room to ________ their discussion.
A．put away B．take down
C．look over D．carry on
解析：選D。句意：吃完飯后，經(jīng)理們回到會議室繼續(xù)他們的討論。put away 把……收好；take down寫下，記下；look over快速地查看；carry on繼續(xù)。
20．用carry詞組的適當(dāng)形式填空：
(1)He ________ two gold medals in the Olympic Games.
答案：carried off
(2)His determination ________ him ________ the ordeal.
答案：carried through
(3)The top soil was ________ in the flood.
答案：carried away
9. in memory of 紀(jì)念
(回歸課本P55)In memory of the Americans who died in the attack，a national memorial was built in Pearl Harbor just above the remains of the sunken battleship Arizona.
為了紀(jì)念在襲擊中喪生的美國士兵，在珍珠港的沉船的殘骸上方，國家建立了一座紀(jì)念碑。
歸納拓展
(1)in memory of＝to the memory of...為了紀(jì)念……
(2)類似搭配,in praise of贊美，歌頌
in honour of為了向……表示敬意
in search of為了尋找
in charge of負(fù)責(zé)
in control of控制
in support of支持
in favour of贊成
in place of代替
例句探源
①(牛津P1258)He founded the charity in memory of his late wife.他創(chuàng)辦了這一慈善事業(yè)以紀(jì)念他已故的妻子。
②The group lit candles in memory of Laura and her brother.
人群點起了蠟燭以紀(jì)念勞拉和她的弟弟。
21．________China’s Youth’s Day，a celebration evening took place on our campus.It was a success.
A．In place of B．In hopes of
C．Instead of D．In memory of
解析：選D。根據(jù)題意可知，D項正確。這句話的意思是：為了紀(jì)念中國青年節(jié)，我們學(xué)校舉行了一次慶祝晚會，結(jié)果很成功。其他選項不符合語境。in place of 意思是“代替”；in hopes of“希望”；instead of“代替；而不是”。
★22.(2011年山東煙臺高三素質(zhì)測試)It is ________ great honor for a country to host the Olympic Games.A great celebration was held in ________ honor of the event.
A．a(chǎn)；a B．a(chǎn)；/
C．/；/ D．/；the
解析：選B。句意：對一個國家來說舉辦奧運會是一件無比榮耀的事，為了紀(jì)念這件大事舉辦了一個盛大的慶典。第一空honor指事，是可數(shù)名詞，前應(yīng)用冠詞，第二空in honor of為了紀(jì)念……，是固定搭配，故選B。
10. be involved in 參與……
(回歸課本P47)In 1980，I was involved in exploring the preserved body of a woman.
我在1980年參與了研究一個被保存完好的女尸的工作。
歸納拓展
involve doing sth.包含做……，需要做……
involve sb.in sth.使某人牽涉進/陷入某事
be involved with sb.和某人混在一起，和某人有密切聯(lián)系
be/get involved in sth.卷入；與……有關(guān)；參與(應(yīng)負(fù)法律責(zé)任)
be involved in doing sth.專心致志做某事
例句探源
①(朗文P1092)As many as 100 vehicles were involved in the collision.這次撞車事故涉及車輛多達10部。
②(牛津P1078)I was so involved in my book I didn’t hear you knock.我全神貫注在看書，沒聽到你敲門。
③He was involved in working
④Taking the job involves living
⑤You are too emotionally involved with the situation.
你在這件事上投入的感情太多了。
23．完成句子
(1)你害得我添了一大堆額外的工作。
You have ________ ________ ________ a great deal of extra work.
答案：involved me in
(2)她和他有密切的聯(lián)系，并且覺得他一定會娶她。
She’s deeply ________ ________ him and feels he must marry her.
答案：involved with
(3)別讓你自己卷入這樣的事中。
Don’t ________ ________ ________ ________ such matters.
答案：get yourself involved in
(4)她整晚都在專心致志地讀書。
She ________ ________ ________ reading all night.
答案：was involved in
(5)經(jīng)營自己的企業(yè)一般需要長時間地工作。
Running your own business usually ________ ________ long hours.
答案：involves working
11. prevent...from 妨礙，阻止
(回歸課本P43)The desert was once a green land with enormous trees，but even that didn’t prevent the city from being buried by sand-what a pity!
現(xiàn)在的沙漠一度是一片綠色的土地，長著參天大樹，然而，盡管如此也沒能阻止這座城市被風(fēng)沙覆蓋的命運--真遺憾！
歸納拓展
prevent...from doing＝stop...from...＝
keep...from...阻止……做……
【溫馨提示】
(1)在keep sb. from doing sth. 句式中，from 不可省略。因為keep sb. doing sth. 意為“讓某人一直做某事”；而prevent sb. from doing sth. 與stop sb. from doing sth. 句式中的from 可省略。
(2)若用于被動語態(tài)，以上三個句式中的from 都不可省略。
We were prevented /stopped/kept from attending Professor Li’s lecture by the heavy rain.
大雨使我們沒能參加李教授的演講。
例句探源
①(牛津P1568)Nothing would prevent him from speaking out against injustice.什么都不能阻止他鳴不平。
②(朗文P1612)Guards stood at the doors to prevent anyone from leaving.守衛(wèi)站在門邊阻止任何人離開。
★24.All possible means ________been taken to stop the river ________.
A．have；polluting
B．has；polluted
C．has；from polluted
D．have；being polluted
解析：選D。all possible means 表示復(fù)數(shù)概念，故謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；且根據(jù)stop sb./sth.(from)doing 句式可知，答案為D。
★25.(2011年江蘇鹽城中學(xué)高三模擬)In order to keep the children ________swimming in the river，Mr.Smith kept them ________staying home all day.
A．from；from B．from；/
C．/；from D．/；/
解析：選B。考查keep sb. from doing sth. 和keep sb. doing sth.的區(qū)別。keep sb. from doing sth. 表示“阻止……做……”，keep sb. doing sth. 表示“讓某人一直做某事”。根據(jù)句意可知，答案為B。
26．Bad weather prevented the work ________in time.
A．completed B．from completing
C．to be completed D．being completed
解析：選D�？疾閜revent...from doing 用法。由于工作是被完成的，from 后跟動名詞的被動形式，且from 可省略，故選D。
句型解析
1【教材原句】 Near the city was a volcano called Vesuvius.(P42) 離城市不遠(yuǎn)處有一座叫維蘇威的火山。
【句法分析】 此句為完全倒裝句。
謂語動詞完全置于主語之前的句子，便是完全倒裝句。這類句型主要有兩種：
(1)表示方式或方位的副詞或介詞短語，如：here，there，up，down，in，away，off，out，in the room，on the wall等，置于句首且主語是名詞。
①In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.
在英格蘭一所大學(xué)的講堂里坐著一位教授。
②In front of the teaching building stands a tall tree.
教學(xué)樓前有一棵大樹。
③In this chapter will be found the answers to those questions.
在這章能找到那些問題的答案。
④South of the river lies a small factory.
一個小型工廠坐落在河的南岸。
⑤Out rushed the children.
孩子們沖了出去。(但也可以這樣說：Out they rushed.因為主語為人稱代詞，而不是名詞)
⑥Away flew the plane.(＝Away it flew.)飛機飛走了。
(2)such置于句首時。
⑦Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest scientist.這就是愛因斯坦，一個淳樸的人，也是20世紀(jì)最偉大的科學(xué)家。
此句型中的such多被認(rèn)為是表語，所以such后的be動詞應(yīng)與其后的“真正的主語”保持一致。
⑧Such are the facts；no one can deny them.
這就是事實，沒有人能否定它們。
27．(2010年高考重慶卷)At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River ________，one of the ten largest cities in China.
A．lies Chongqing
B．Chongqing lies
C．does lie Chongqing
D．does Chongqing lie
解析：選A�？疾榈寡b句。句意：中國十大城市之一的重慶位于揚子江和嘉陵江兩江交匯的地方。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)得知，這里是將地點狀語提前且主語為名詞，故句子需用完全倒裝形式。
28．(2010年高考江蘇卷)-Is everyone here?
-Not yet...Look，there ________ the rest of our guests!
A．come B．comes
C．is coming D．a(chǎn)re coming
解析：選A。句意：--都到了嗎？--還沒有……看，其余的客人過來了！本句中there放在句首，句子采用了倒裝句式，謂語動詞應(yīng)該根據(jù)句子的主語the rest of our guests來判斷，B項和C項為第三人稱單數(shù)形式可排除；
D項用于進行時態(tài)表示將來的動作，不合題意，可排除；A項謂語動詞與主語一致，故答案為A。
★29.(2010年高考陜西卷)John opened the door.There ________ he had never seen before.
A．a(chǎn) girl did stand
B．a(chǎn) girl stood
C．did a girl stand
D．stood a girl
解析：選D。句意：約翰打開門，那里站著一個他從未見過的姑娘。本題考查倒裝句型。當(dāng)there，here，away，down等副詞置于句首且主語為名詞時，要用完全倒裝形式。所以D選項正確。
★30.(2009年高考福建卷)For a moment nothing happened.Then ________ all shouting together.
A．voices had come
B．came voices
C．voices would come
D．did voices come
解析：選B。句意：那會兒，什么都沒發(fā)生。之后大家一起歡呼起來。本題考查倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，副詞then，away，out，in等置于句首，且主語是名詞時，主謂要全部倒裝。
2【教材原句】 It is believed by many people to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms from AD 200 to AD 500.(P43) 很多人相信，它是在公元200年至公元500年之間被風(fēng)沙漸漸覆蓋了。
【句法分析】 句中it指的是樓蘭古城，to have been gradually covered over是動詞不定式的被動式，使用了完成時態(tài)，表示“被覆蓋”。
①Another earth satellite is reported to have been put into orbit.據(jù)報道又有一顆地球衛(wèi)星被發(fā)射到預(yù)定軌道。
歸納拓展
(1)“Sb./Sth.is hoped/said/reported/believed＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式可以是一般式、完成式、進行式等不同的形式。
(2)“Sb./Sth.is hoped/said/reported/believed＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為it作形式主語，that從句為真正主語的形式。
It is reported that ...據(jù)報道……
It is well known that ...眾所周知……
It is announced that...據(jù)宣布……
It is believed that ...人們相信……
It is thought that ...人們認(rèn)為……
②He is said to be working in that company.
據(jù)說他正在那家公司工作。
③He is said to have worked in that company.
據(jù)說他在那家公司工作過。
④He is said to work in that company.
據(jù)說他要到那家公司去工作。
【溫馨提示】 如果使用表示“建議”“命令”“要求” 的動詞的過去分詞如suggested，ordered，required 等時，that 從句中的謂語動詞用should ＋動詞原形，should 可以省略。
⑤It is required that the article(should) be handed in before Friday.
老師要求文章在星期五之前交上。
31．句型轉(zhuǎn)換
(1)It’s believed that Helen is John’s wife in law.
→Helen ________ ________ ________ ________John’s wife in law.
答案：is believed to be
(2)It is said that the book has been translated into several languages.
→The book is said ________ ________ ________ ________into several languages.
答案：to have been translated
★32.(2011年東北三校一模)Cao Cao’s tomb is reported ________ in Anyang，which attracts nationwide attention.
A．being found B．to be found
C．having been found D．to have been found
解析：選D。句意：據(jù)報道，安陽發(fā)現(xiàn)了曹操墓，引起了全國(民眾)的關(guān)注。前半句是“It’s reported that Cao Cao’s tomb has been found in Anyang”的另外一種表達方式，表示該動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，所以用不定式的完成形式。
3【教材原句】 Not only was Rome a city and a republic，but it was also to become the capital of one of the largest empires in history.(P58)
羅馬不僅是個城市和共和國，它也注定成為歷史上最大帝國之一的首都。
【句法分析】 not only置于句首時用部分倒裝。
①Not only did the teachers take part in the English evening party，but also they sang at the party.
老師們不但參加了英語晚會，而且在晚會上唱了歌。
歸納拓展
(1)not only...but also ...連接兩個并列主語時，遵循“就近原則”，即謂語動詞的數(shù)與靠得最近的主語的數(shù)保持一致。
(2)not only...but also...連接并列的兩個分句時，若not only 放在句首，則它引導(dǎo)的分句要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
(3)但是如果not only... but also ...連接兩個并列主語，就不用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
(4)not only...but also...中的also可以省略。
②Not only he but also I am a student.
不但他是學(xué)生，我也是。
③Not only did he say so，but also he did so.
他不僅這樣說，也這樣做了。
④Not only had the poor man been fined，but also he had been sent to prison.
這個可憐的人不僅被罰款，而且還被送進了監(jiān)獄。
⑤Not only your possessions but also your life will be lost.
不僅你的財產(chǎn)，而且你的生命也將失去。
33．(2009年高考全國卷Ⅰ)The computer was used in teaching.As a result，not only ________，but students became more interested in the lessons.
A．saved was teachers’ energy
B．was teachers’ energy saved
C．teachers’ energy was saved
D．was saved teachers’ energy
解析：選B。句意：電腦被應(yīng)用于教學(xué)中。這樣不僅節(jié)省了老師的精力，而且也使學(xué)生對課堂更感興趣了。此題考查倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。表否定意義的not only置于句首時，后面所跟分句要部分倒裝，故選B項。
★34.(2011年江蘇丹陽一模)Smith was overweight，so the doctor urged that not only ________ have less fat and meat，but also he ________.
A．should he；take exercise
B．ought he；take exercise
C．he should；takes exercise
D．he ought；takes exercise
解析：選A。句意：史密斯太胖了，所以醫(yī)生極力主張他不僅要少吃點脂肪和肉，還要進行鍛煉。表否定意義的not only置于句首，后面所跟分句用部分倒裝，所以選B。
35．完成句子
Not only you but also I ________ fit for the job.
不但你而且我也適合這項工作。
答案：am
作文指導(dǎo)
長句和短句的變換
長句含有許多修飾語，適合表達準(zhǔn)確而復(fù)雜的思想，解釋觀點或理論，描寫細(xì)致的事物；短句比較簡潔、明快、有力，適合陳述重要的事實或想法。長句使文章富有氣勢，卻容易產(chǎn)生語法錯誤，或者造成理解障礙；短句不容易出錯，但是短句的堆砌容易讓人感覺語言技巧不成熟、不老練。
在實際寫作中，一味地采用長句或短句都是不可取的，要長短句交替使用。通常最簡單而又適用于應(yīng)試的長短句交錯的方法是：以簡單句為基礎(chǔ)，配以適當(dāng)?shù)牟⒘芯浜蛷?fù)合句。簡單句可長可短，一般要加些附屬成分，如分詞短語、不定式短語、介詞短語和副詞短語等。
短句變長句
【佳句選粹1】
【原文】 【優(yōu)化】
Lies do harm to those who are being told.Lies also do harm to those who tell them. Lies not only do harm to those who are being told，but also do harm to those who tell them.
【分析】 原來的兩個句子之間存在明顯的并列關(guān)系，因此應(yīng)將其合二為一，改寫成由“not only...，but also...”連接成的一個并列句，這樣才更符合英語作為“形合語言”的特點。
【佳句選粹2】
【原文】 【優(yōu)化】
His overall performance was outstanding and worked extremely well with people.He always proves himself hardworking and modest. His overall performance was outstanding and worked extremely well with people and he always proves himself hardworking and modest.
【分析】 原來的兩個句子之間存在明顯的并列關(guān)系，因此應(yīng)將其合二為一，改寫成由and連接成的一個并列句，這樣才更符合英語作為“形合語言”的特點。
【佳句選粹3】
【原文】 【優(yōu)化】
In most countries，schools can be divided into two broad categories：public schools and private schools.Public schools are financed by the government and enroll both boys and girls.The majority of private schools are singlesex educational establishments. In most countries，schools can be divided into two broad categories：public schools，which are financed by the government and enroll both boys and girls，and private schools，the majority of which are singlesex educational establishments.
【分析】 句子“Public schools are financed by the government and enroll both boys and girls.”中的“public schools”用which代替，并作為引導(dǎo)詞變成非限制性定語從句；句子“The majority of private schools are singlesex educational establishments.”中的“private schools”用which代替，變成了“the majority of which”形式，這正是定語從句“介詞of＋which”結(jié)構(gòu)。用了兩個定語從句優(yōu)化后，句子顯得更有文采，而且更有氣勢。
長句變短句
長句固然能表達出復(fù)雜而縝密的思想，但如果片面追求復(fù)雜句式，華而不實，反而成為表達的累贅。
寫作中句子的長短應(yīng)根據(jù)表達的需要，有話則長，無話則短。短句不僅指句子長度較短，也指句子內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)精練。簡潔是一個重要的原則，用詞累贅是寫作的大忌。
【佳句選粹】
【原文】 【優(yōu)化】
His father，who is a salesman，became a millionaire overnight. His father，a salesman，became a millionaire overnight.
【分析】 優(yōu)化后的句子用同位語代替了原句中的定語從句，從而起到了精簡句子的作用。