Word Study:
1. tale n. story n.
He told me a tale of adventure.
Have you read A Tale of Two Cities?
Children like to listen to fairy tales.
2. let … in “讓……進(jìn)來”，“放進(jìn)”
The roof lets in the rain.
Open the window and let in some fresh air.
把窗戶打開，讓新鮮空氣進(jìn)來。
The baby is afraid of the dog. Don’t let it in.
let out 放出, 發(fā)出, 泄露
Hearing the good news, the boy let out a cry of joy.
It was Tom who let out the secret.
Mother won’t let her child out after the dark.
天黑之后母親不讓孩子出去。
Someone let the air out of my tyres.
有人把我的車胎的氣給放了。
3. Many revolutionaries lost their lives for the people.
He joined the revolutionary army when he was 14 years old.
4. cruel adj.殘忍的；冷酷的
He is cruel to animals.
他對動(dòng)物很殘酷。
5. have a test=take a test
We’ll have a test on irregular verbs tomorrow.
6. mental adj. 心理的，智力的,精神的, 思想的,
mentally adv.“精神方面地”，
(其相對應(yīng)的詞是physical生理的，肉體的 physically )
mental illness精神病
a mental patient精神病患者
mental powers智力
She has better mental powers than I.
a mental test智力測驗(yàn),心理測驗(yàn) a mental labour腦力勞動(dòng)
a mental worker腦力勞動(dòng)者
7. fortune----misfortune n.
It was his good fortune to be chosen to play for the school.
She had the good fortune to be free from illness.
她運(yùn)氣好，沒得病。
I will try my fortune. 碰運(yùn)氣
He went to Australia and soon made a fortune.發(fā)財(cái)
seek one’s fortune 找出路，碰運(yùn)氣
He received a large fortune when his uncle died.
財(cái)產(chǎn)，財(cái)富，巨款
come into a fortune繼承一大筆財(cái)產(chǎn)
be in good fortune 運(yùn)氣好
be in bad fortune運(yùn)氣壞
8. in peace= peacefully 平平安安地；和睦相處
Please let me get on with my work in peace.
He lived in peace with his neighbours.
at peace 處于和平局面；寧靜
Europe was at peace for the first time in ten years.
She felt at peace and happy.
hold//keep one’s peace 保持緘默，忍住不說;
make peace 講和，和解。
類似的詞組有：
in surprise驚奇地
in excitement激動(dòng)地
in silence安靜地
in a hurry匆忙地
9. attend vt. & vi.
attend (on//upon)a patient看護(hù)一個(gè)病人
(wait on//look after//take care of)
attend a meeting//a lecture
attend the class 上課;
attend school
He attends church regularly.
他總是按時(shí)上教堂。
Attend carefully to what she is saying.注意；仔細(xì)聽
You must attend to your work. 專心， 努力
10. fall in love with…
He fell in love with her at first sight.
Love me, love my dog.(諺)愛屋及烏; 打狗要看主人面
fall out of love with sb.不再愛了；
be in love with… 與……相愛；
They have been in love for 5 years.
first love初戀
mother's love母愛
love of [for] one's country對國家的愛
Please, send my love to your mother.
請向您的母親問候。
fall ill; fall asleep; fall into the habit of…
11. make sure of…
You'd better make sure of the time and place.
你最好把時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)弄清楚。
Would you make sure of getting a ticket?
你能確保弄到一張票嗎?
Can you make sure that you will succeed?
你能確保成功嗎?
12. suffer from…
The crops suffered from floods. vi.
She is suffering from toothache.
He is still suffering terribly from the injuries.
他仍然深受傷痛折磨。
suffer vt.“遭受（不愉快之事）”
suffer pain //defeat / losses 遭受痛苦//失敗//蒙受損失
He suffered great loss.
13. in public= publicly
14. set fire to…----set sth. on fire
Who set fire to the house? =Who set the house on fire?
He set fire to the waste paper. 他點(diǎn)火燒著了廢紙。
They set all the papers and documents on fire before fleeing.
他們在逃跑比前將所有的文件付之一炬。
15. burn … to the ground
They set fire to the house, and it was burnt to the ground.
他們放火燒了房子, 房子被燒光了。
The enemy burned the whole village to the ground.
敵人將整個(gè)村莊燒成了灰燼。
to意思是“到，直到（狀態(tài)/程度）”,
類似的用法還有：
burn // beat // starve … to death 燒/打/餓死
fall to the ground落在地上，
tear…to pieces把…撕成碎片
burn…to the ashes把……燒成灰燼
She sang the baby to sleep. 她唱歌哄嬰兒入睡。
He tore the letter to pieces. 他把信撕碎了。
16. do wrong------do a good deed
do right-----do good----do good deeds
I hope you'll never do wrong. 我希望你永遠(yuǎn)別做壞事。
You did quite right to accept the invitation.
你接受邀請是對的。
I’m only trying to do a good deed. 我只是努力在做一件好事。It’s not easy for a person to do good deeds all his life.
一個(gè)人一輩子做好事是不容易的。
17. sentence… to death
----be sentenced to death
He was sentenced to death. 他被處以死刑。
The man was sentenced to three years in prison.
那個(gè)人被判了三年監(jiān)禁。
He was sentenced to pay a fine of $1000.
他被判罰款一千美金。
pass sentence on sb判…刑
announce sentence on sb 宣布對… 判決
18. eager adj.強(qiáng)調(diào)對“成功的期望或進(jìn)取的熱情”。
He is eager to master English.
He is eager to succeed= He is eager for success.
I’m eager for news.
He was eager to see her.他渴望見到她。
anxious adj. 強(qiáng)調(diào)“擔(dān)心，焦急”或?qū)Y(jié)果感到不安的心情。
I’m anxious about the future.
I’m anxious to know the final result.
We were anxious for news of his safe arrival.
The End
Unit 22
Lesson 85 Ss learn this dialogue by themselves
1. The guards couldn't have been watching very carefully.
警衛(wèi)不可能一直認(rèn)真地查看。
You must have been mad to speak to the servant! She might have called for help.
你跟那個(gè)仆人講話，準(zhǔn)是瘋了。她可能會(huì)大喊“救命”的。
You might both have been caught and killed!
你們倆可能給抓住殺了。
(1). can’t//couldn’t+have been doing，表示“想必不可能一直在進(jìn)行”的意思。表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行推測:
It’s raining now. She can’t have been waiting at the bus stop.
現(xiàn)在下著雨，她不可能一直在車站等著。
All the students went home. He couldn’t have been studying in the classroom.
所有的學(xué)生都回家了。他不可能一直在教室里學(xué)習(xí)。
It couldn't have been raining all night yesterday.
(2)表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行推測:
might /could /must/can//may + 完成時(shí)，
He could have swept the floor. 他可能已經(jīng)掃干凈地了。
You must have been mad to speak to the servant! She might have called for help.
你準(zhǔn)是瘋了，竟跟這個(gè)仆人說話。她可能會(huì)大喊救命的。
It must have been very interesting! 那肯定很有趣！
You were so stupid to try climbing the tree; you might have killed yourself.
你想爬那棵樹真是愚蠢，你可能會(huì)被摔死的。
(3).情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞的完成式這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣。
I might have been trapped in the fire if I had not run away fast enough.
如果我不是跑得快，也許早就身陷大火之中了。(事實(shí)上，我是安然無恙。)
It was really dangerous for you to try to swimming in the river. You might have been eaten by the fish.
在那條河里游泳真是危險(xiǎn)，你可能被魚吃了。
(4).如果表示對現(xiàn)在情況的推測，則用may, can或must+動(dòng)詞原形這一結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
It’s late now. She may be at home.
現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)很晚了，她可能在家。
She can’t he alone. She must be with her friends.
她不會(huì)是獨(dú)自一人，她一定是和朋友們在一起呢。
2. It was not yet light, so it was easy to stay hidden. 天還沒亮，所以很容易隱蔽。
light作形容詞，指“明亮的，光亮的”:
It was not yet light. 天還沒有亮。
I live in a light room. 我居住在明亮的房間里。
It gets light at five now. 現(xiàn)在五點(diǎn)天就亮了。
light還表示“重量輕的” “淺色的，淡色的, ”:
The coat is very light but warm. 大衣很輕但是很暖和。
I took some light reading for the train journey.
我?guī)Я诵┹p松的讀物乘火車消遣。
Light colors suits you best. 淺色的衣服最適合你。
It’s as light as feather. 這輕如鴻毛。
I like (the) light green colour. 我喜歡淡綠色。
light“發(fā)光物”，“燈”，“引火物”。
Lights are still burning in the rooms. 房間里的燈仍在亮著。
Can you give me a light? 能借火使使嗎？
light 光線
People used to read by the light of candle.
人們曾靠燭光讀書。
Hang the picture in a good light, otherwise no one can see it.
把這幅畫掛在光線充足的地方，否則沒人能看得見。
3．Stay hidden
4.let…in
5.call for help
6.explain sth to sb.
7.even though//if
8.It is the first//second time that +現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
It was the first//second time that +過去完成時(shí)
9.have a test
10.get a full mark
The End
Unit 22
Lesson 86:
About the French Revolution:
It broke out in July,1789. In the revolution, the poor of the cities and the peasants in the country rose up against the French King and the rich. In the country, the revolutionaries set fire to the nobles’ castles and burnt them to the ground. The nobles caught many people and put them into prison.
About Charles Dickens:
Charles Dickens was born in 1812 in England. When he was about four years of age, his family moved to Chatham, and five years he spent there were the happiest of all his boyhood.
In 1821 his family moved to a poor quarter in London. Because his father was heavily in debt and finally was taken to prison. From then on Charles Dickens began to work in a shoe factory in the east end of London. And this was the most unhappy time of all his life.
Then he began to study at a school again. When he was 15, he left school for good and became a lawyer’s clerk. In 1834, he was taken on the staff(工作人員) of a newspaper and went all over the country getting news, writing stories and so on. At this time he wrote some short stories. His early book the Pickwick Papers(匹克威克外傳) came into being. Thus, by the year he was only 24, he had become the most popular living novelist of his day.
The rest of his life is a story of work and work without rest. From 1838, he wrote many books, of which the most famous are Oliver Twist(霧都孤兒), David Copperfield(大衛(wèi).科波菲爾), Hard Times(艱難時(shí)世), A tale of Two Cities(雙城記), Great expectations(遠(yuǎn)大前程)and so on. But he suddenly died in 1870, only at 58.
A Tale of Two Cities
A Tale of Two Cities is a novel written by Charles Dickens. The “two cities” refer to Paris, the scene of the story, and London, where the hero of the novel spent his remaining years. The book gives a vivid(鮮明的，生動(dòng)的) description of the French bourgeois revolution.
Key points:
1. They had come from England, having heard the strange news that Dr Manette, Lucie's father, was alive and was living in Paris. (as they had heard the strange news)
他們從英國來是因?yàn)槁牭揭粋�(gè)奇怪的消息--露西的父親曼奈特醫(yī)生仍然活著，而且還住在巴黎。
Not having seen him for many years, I did not recognized him at first.由于多年沒見過面，一開始我沒有認(rèn)出他來。
Having heard the sad news, they felt sad. 他們得知這一不幸的消息，感到很悲傷。（原因狀語）
The man died, leaving his wife and children nothing.
他死了，沒給他的妻子和孩子們留下任何財(cái)產(chǎn)。（結(jié)果狀語）
They sat around the fire, talking with each other happily.
他們圍坐在火旁，高興地交談著（伴隨狀語）
Having finished his homework, he went out to play football.
做完功課之后，他去踢足球了。（時(shí)間狀語）
The students ran out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
學(xué)生們說說笑笑地跑出教室。（方式狀語）
這里需要注意：當(dāng)~ing形式作狀語時(shí)，無論主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)形式，其邏輯主語和句子的主語應(yīng)該一致。
1.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語,可以作原因,時(shí)間,結(jié)果,條件和伴隨狀語,大多數(shù)可以變成相對應(yīng)的狀語從句.
Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t send the boy to school.----
-----As we were so poor in those days, we couldn’t send the boy to school.(原因)
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.-----
------When they hear the news, they all jumped with joy. (時(shí)間)
Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. -----
------Her husband died in 1942 so that he left her with five children. (結(jié)果)
Working hard, you will succeed.------
-----If you work hard, you will succeed. (條件)
We worked there for a week, helping them to get in wheat. (伴隨)
2.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)，也可以在前面加上從屬連詞while, after, before, since等，以構(gòu)成分詞短語。
Waiting at the dentist’s, I read a short story.=
While waiting at the dentist’s, I read a short story. =
While I was waiting at the dentist’s, I read a short story.
Before being in the army, he was an engineer. =
Before he was in the army, he was an engineer.
Using the brush, put it in its proper place. =
After using the brush, put it in its proper place.=
After you use the brush, put it in its proper place.
Since being in the army, he has been in better health.=
Since he was in the army, he has been in better health.
3.現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或主語的特征,特點(diǎn).
I heard him singing this song in the next room. (動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行)
The food smells inviting. （主語的特征）
4.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中,表示分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前.
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
= As he had been there….
Having worked among the peasants for many years he knew them very well.
= As he had worked….
5.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài).
That building being repaired now is our library.
= That building which is being repaired now is our library.
This is one of the experiments being carried on in our school.
= This is one of the experiments which are being carried on in our school.
有時(shí)也可以用完成式的被動(dòng)形式， 但是這種用法是較少的。
Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?
2. Defarge was pleased at their arrival. 對于他們的到來，德法奇很高興。
be pleased at//with//about…“對……感到非常滿意//非常高興”
be pleased to do sth
They are pleased at the good news.
聽到這個(gè)好消息，他們非常高興。
Is your boss pleased with your work?
你的老板對你的工作滿意嗎？
pleased前面可以有修飾詞very (much)
Our teacher was very (much) pleased with our exam results.
I'm very pleased to hear the news.
3. All day long he worked at making shoes, as he had done in prison.
他像在監(jiān)獄里那樣，整天專心致志地縫制鞋子。
work at表示努力于…致力于…努力對付…
She is working at mathematics. 她在研究（攻讀）數(shù)學(xué)。
The government is working hard at improving the living conditions of the teachers.
政府正在下大力氣來改善教師的生活條件。
When at Rome, do as Romans do.
The teacher told us to do as he did.
You must do everything as I do.
4. Dr Manette had been put in prison for no good reason.
曼奈特醫(yī)生被關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄并沒有什么正當(dāng)?shù)睦碛伞?/p>
for this//that reason
for the reason of health由于健康原因;
for some reason或者for a certain reason由于某種原因;
for no reason 不因?yàn)槭裁?
for no good reason 沒有正當(dāng)?shù)睦碛桑瑳]有合適的理由,
Don't punish children for no good reason.
不要莫名其妙地懲罰孩子。
The meeting was put off for some reason.
由于某種原因會(huì)議推遲了。
He went to France for some political reasons.
他因?yàn)檎卧蛉チ朔▏?/p>
She had to give up teaching for the reason of health.
由于健康的原因她不得不放棄教學(xué)工作。
His reason for being late was that he missed the bus.
The reason why he didn’t come was that he was ill.
The doctor gave a reason which//that couldn’t explain the failure of the operation.
5. Dr Manette had been put in prison so that he would keep silent over this matter.
曼奈特醫(yī)生被關(guān)進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄，使他無法把這件事張揚(yáng)出去。
keep silent over/on/about sth 對某事保持緘默
He was silent about the plan.
他閉口不談那個(gè)計(jì)劃。
History is silent on this event.
關(guān)于這件事，歷史上沒有記錄。
6. Although Lucie married Charles, Sydney promised her that he would always do anything he could for her to make sure of her happiness. 雖然露西嫁給了查爾斯，但是悉尼還是對露西許下諾言，說為了確保她生活幸福，他愿意永遠(yuǎn)為她做一切可能做的事。
promise (sb.) to do sth.；
promise (sb.) that…
make a promise發(fā)誓;
keep the promise守諾;
break the promise
7. However, an English spy told the Defarges in Paris that the nephew of the old Marquis was living in England under an English name. 可是，有位英國間諜告訴了住在巴黎的德法奇夫婦，說老侯爵的侄兒用了一個(gè)英國名字住在英國。
under the name of… 以（不是本名的）……名字
in the name of 憑…之名；以…的名義；代表…,
under an English name以一個(gè)英國名字
He attended the party in the name of his father.
他以他父親的名義參加聚會(huì)。
He lived abroad for years under the name of White.
他用懷特這一稱呼在國外居住了多年。
He writes under the name of George.
他用喬治這個(gè)名字寫作。
He sold the car he had stolen under a false name.
他以假名賣掉了竊來的汽車。
8.come to…有多種意思，譯法也較靈活，常見的譯法有“降臨”，“發(fā)生”，“出現(xiàn)”，“談到”，“涉及到”，“共計(jì)”，“達(dá)到”等。
A strange idea came to my mind.
一個(gè)奇怪的想法出現(xiàn)在腦海中。
Let’s come to the next question.
咱們談?wù)勏乱粋�(gè)問題。
“How much does our bill come to?” “The bill comes to one hundred dollars”.總計(jì)多少錢？總計(jì)達(dá)一百美元。
The wounded came to when they were taken to the hospital.
當(dāng)傷員們被送往醫(yī)院時(shí)，他們就蘇醒過來了。
9.disturb vt.“打擾（某人）”，“擾亂（人心）”，
“妨礙（安眠、安靜）
She opened the door quietly so as not to disturb the sleeping child.她輕輕地開門，以免驚擾了睡著的孩子。
Don’t disturb the papers on my desk.
別把我寫字臺(tái)上的文件弄亂了。
No sound disturbed the silence of the evening.
入夜時(shí)分，萬籟俱寂。
10.I felt angry about the way that//in which//X he has treated me.
He found a way that//which led to success.
The End
Unit 22
Lesson 87
1. The poor of the cities and the peasants in the country, having lived such a hard life for so long, took up their guns and knives and began to kill the rich nobles. 城市貧民和鄉(xiāng)村里的農(nóng)民由于長期以來過著非常艱苦的生活，拿起刀槍開始?xì)⑵鸶挥械馁F族來了。
live a life 過某種生活, live和life是共同的詞源，我們一般把這種詞叫做動(dòng)詞和它的同源賓語，同源賓語一般都帶有一個(gè)定語，這個(gè)定語在概念上起著狀語的作用
He died a heroic death.= He died heroically.
他英勇地犧牲了。
She dreamt a sweet dream.= She dreamt sweetly.
They lived a happy life.= They lived happily.
She smiled a bitter smile.= She smiled bitterly.
她苦笑了一下。
take up“拿起”，“舉起”，“占去（時(shí)間、空間）”“從事（某工作）”，“開始（某活動(dòng)）”等
Many young people took up arms to defend the country in the war.
在戰(zhàn)爭年代，許多年青人拿起武器來保衛(wèi)他們的國家。
He took up the luggage and got off the bus.
他拎起了行李下了汽車。
I’m sorry to have taken up much of your time.
很抱歉我占用你了太多的時(shí)間。
I took up the study of English when I was six.
我六歲開始學(xué)英語。
He took up law after he left collage.
他大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后開始從事法律工作。
2. Some time later, Charles Darnay found at a bank in London a letter from France addressed to him不久以后，查爾斯達(dá)尼在倫敦一家銀行發(fā)現(xiàn)一封法國來信，信是寫給他的
address做名詞:
What's your E-mail address？
你的電子郵箱的地址是什么。
address vt. 在信上）寫姓名地址”，“把信寫給……”“向……說話或發(fā)表演說”，“把……講給…
The letter is wrongly addressed.
這封信的地址寫錯(cuò)了。
This package is not addressed to me.
這個(gè)包裹不是寄給我的。
The letter was returned because of being wrongly addressed.
這封信被退回來了，因?yàn)榈刂穼戝e(cuò)了。
Is there a letter addressed to me? 有我的信嗎？
Please address your reasons to the teacher.
請向老師陳述你的理由。
The politician will address us on the subject of war and peace.
這位政治家將就戰(zhàn)爭與和平問題給我們發(fā)表演說。
3. or rather
We got home late last night, or rather, early this morning.
4. On reading it, he found that a servant of the family in France had been put in prison, through no fault of his own. 看了信，他得知他法國家中的一個(gè)仆人無辜地被關(guān)進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄。
介詞on/upon作“在……時(shí)”解釋時(shí)，后面跟-ing形式的動(dòng)詞，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)用as soon as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，另一個(gè)動(dòng)作立即發(fā)生。
On reaching Paris, they called at the wine shop in the poor district. 一到巴黎，他們立即就到窮人區(qū)的那家酒店去了。
On arriving at the station, he found his wife waiting to meet him.
On hearing the news, he rushed out of the room.
一聽到這個(gè)消息，他就向外跑去。
On arriving at the foot of the mountain, we set up the tent and made a fire.
一到山腳下，我們便搭起了帳蓬，生了火。
on/upon 后還可跟名詞:
Upon his return from Beijing, he began his research work.
他一從北京回來，就立即開始他的研究工作。
On his arrival//arriving in Paris he was recognized as a noble.
through no fault of his own“并不是由于他本人的過錯(cuò)”，其中的through是介詞，表示“由于”的意思，相當(dāng)于because of和as a result
The accident happened through no fault of yours.
這場事故的發(fā)生不是你的錯(cuò)。
We got lost through not knowing the way.
由于不認(rèn)路我們迷路了。
It was through you that we were late.
都是因?yàn)槟阄覀冞t到了。
at 表示聽到的、看到的原因
with 表示個(gè)體外部的原因
through 表示自身的原因
be sad at the news
be frightened at the sight
At the news, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
jump with joy
turn red with anger
shake with cold//fear
make the mistake through his carelessness
be put into prison through no fault of his own
5. do good/harm/wrong/the terrible things to sb
do wrong to sb=do sb wrong
do much wrong-----do right
do sb a great wrong=do a great wrong to sb
6. take the place of sb=take sb’s place
I’ll take the place of my father for a while.
in place of…
Won’t you go in place of me?
instead of…
I have to finish my homework instead of going out.
I’ll go to see her instead of you.
7.His final thoughts were: "It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known." 他臨終前的想法是：“我所做的，是我所做過的最好、最最好的事情；我所得到的，是我知道的最安祥、最最安祥的休息�！�
比較級前可以加以下的狀語: much, still, even, far, a little, a lot, rather, no, some, any, a bit, a great deal three times, one year…
She sings far/much better than others.
I don't think a hair cut could make you love me any less.
far------ by far.
He is by far the tallest.(by far 用在最高級前 )
This is better by far .(by far 用在比較級后)
This is far better.( far 用在比較級前)
He is by far the stronger of the two.
( by far 可用在此句型中)
The End