<<陳老師課堂>>重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥 高一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

The Attributive Clause定語(yǔ)從句

1． 語(yǔ)法術(shù)語(yǔ)及基本概念：

1. 先行詞 à 被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的那個(gè)詞。

2. 關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞 à 用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。

3. 定語(yǔ)從句 à 一個(gè)句子用作某一名詞或代詞的定語(yǔ)時(shí)，我們稱這個(gè)句子為定語(yǔ)從

句。被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的那個(gè)詞叫先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose,

that, which 以及關(guān)系副詞when, where, why來(lái)引導(dǎo)，定語(yǔ)從句一般位于先行詞之后。

2． 關(guān)系代詞的用法：

1). 先行詞是人，關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用who或that來(lái)引導(dǎo)。 e.g. Do you know the man who / that is standing over there? The girl who / that took you to my place is my friend.

2). 先行詞是人，關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用whom或that來(lái)引導(dǎo)，但通�？梢允÷�。先行詞是人，關(guān)系代詞在介詞后面必須用whom，而且不能省略，也不能用that。The boy (whom / that) we saw yesterday is Mr. Wang’s son. The old man with whom I often go to the films is my grandfather.

3). 先行詞是物，關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用which或that來(lái)引導(dǎo) e.g. The train which / that has just left is for Guangzhou. The earthquake which / that happened in 1906 was the biggest in American history.

4). 先行詞是物，關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用which或that來(lái)引導(dǎo)，但通�？梢允÷浴�e.g. The bird (which / that) we caught the other day flew away yesterday. The pen with which I am writing was bought in the Shopping Center.

3. 關(guān)系代詞做介詞賓語(yǔ)的情況：

1). 關(guān)系代詞做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，我們可以將介詞置于定語(yǔ)從句的句首放在關(guān)系代詞前, 這

時(shí)關(guān)系代詞不能省略。我們也可以把介詞仍放在定語(yǔ)從句的后部，當(dāng)我們把介詞放

在定語(yǔ)從句的后部時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可以省略；也可以使用關(guān)系代詞that。e.g. Do you

know the man (whom / that) she was talking to? = Do you know the man to whom she

was talking ? The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what

it was going on inside the house.

2). 介詞前置有這樣幾個(gè)要求：

a. 關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)，只能用“介詞+ whom”，不能用“介詞+ that”；省略關(guān)系代

詞時(shí)，介詞不能前置。比較下列句子并指出正誤：

( ) 1. The boy (who / whom / that) you should write to is Tom.

( ) 2. The boy to whom you should write is Tom.

( ) 3. The boy to that you should write is Tom.

( ) 4. The boy to you should write is Tom.

b. 關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)，只能用“介詞+which”，不能用“介詞+ that”；省略關(guān)系代詞

時(shí)，介詞不能前置。比較下列句子并指出正誤：

( ) 1. This is the hospital (which / that) my sister was born in.

1.

( ) 2. This is the hospital in which my sister was born .

( ) 3. This is the hospital in that my sister was born .

( ) 4. This is the hospital in my sister was born .

c. 固定短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能拆散使用。即：不能把其中的介詞或副詞移至從句的句首。

比較下列句子并指出正誤：

( ) 1. This is the child (whom / that) she takes care of.

( ) 2. This is the child of whom she takes care .

( ) 3. This is the pen (which / that) she is looking for.

( ) 4. This is the pen for which she is looking.

4． 關(guān)系代詞whose的用法：

1). 關(guān)系代詞whose 意思是“誰(shuí)的”，“什么的”；它是who和which的所有格形式，

它可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，并且在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾從句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。e.g.

This is the house whose door / the door of which / of which the door faces east.

5． 關(guān)系代詞which和as在引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別：

1). 關(guān)系代詞which和as都能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性的定語(yǔ)從句，代表整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。有時(shí)候可以互換使用。e.g. She failed in the exam, which / as was natural. He is an honest boy, which / as anybody can see.

2). 定語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí)，只能用as來(lái)引導(dǎo)，不能使用which。as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句也可以放在句中。e.g. She comes from Africa, as can be seen from her skin. As we all know, the earth moves around the sun.

3). 當(dāng)as在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；如果從句的謂語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，則一般用which。e.g. As is well known to all, China is a developing country. She is from the south of China, which I know from her accent. This kind of computer, as is well known, is out of date.

4). 非限制性的定語(yǔ)從句如果是否定句，則常常用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)。e.g. Mr. Zhang usually criticizes Wang Jun in public, which he doesn’t like at all.

5). 非限制性的定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)如果是復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，則常常用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)。e.g. Tom made great progress in Chinese, which made us delighted. The meeting room hasn’t been cleaned for weeks, which makes it very dirty. It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.

6). as常用于某些固定句型之中如: “as often happens”, “as was pointed out”, “as was said above”, “as I remember”, “as I understand”. e.g. As was said above, we should stop polluting the earth. As I understand, he won’t go out.

6． 只能使用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：

1). 先行詞是不定代詞all, something, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one, little,

much等，只能使用關(guān)系代詞that。e.g. Is there anything that I can do for you? Do

you mean the one that was bought yesterday? All we have to do is to press the button.

2). 先行詞被only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, just, very 等詞修飾時(shí)，只能使用關(guān)系代詞that。e.g. This is one of the presents that my boy friend gave me on my birthday.

3). 先行詞是形容詞的最高級(jí)或被形容詞的最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí)，只能使用關(guān)系代詞that。

e.g. The most important thing that should be done recently is how to collect enough

2.

money for that poor student.

4). 先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)，只能使用關(guān)系代詞that。e.g. This is the fifth book that he has ever written. When we talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes into mind is the West Lake.

5). 先行詞中既有人又有物，用who或which都不合適時(shí)，只能使用關(guān)系代詞that。 e.g. The car and the driver that killed an old woman were held up by the police. They talked about things and persons that they remembered at school. The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well-known.

6) 先行詞為數(shù)詞時(shí)，只能使用關(guān)系代詞that。e.g. He brought three children yesterday,

Now I can see the three that are playing in the garden.

7) 復(fù)合句中含有兩個(gè)修飾人的定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)已經(jīng)用了who，另一個(gè)只能使用

關(guān)系代詞that。e.g. Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

8). 主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)，如果需要修飾的主語(yǔ)是物，只能使用關(guān)系代詞that。e.g. There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.

9). 被修飾的成分為表語(yǔ)，或者關(guān)系代詞本身在定語(yǔ)從句中做表語(yǔ)，只能使用關(guān)系代詞that。e.g. That is a good book that will help you a lot. He is no longer the man that he was. My hometown is no longer the city that it used to be.

10). 當(dāng)主句中有who, which時(shí)，而定語(yǔ)從句中也要用到who或which時(shí)，為了避免who…who, which…which重疊，只能使用關(guān)系代詞that。 e.g. Who is the man that is standing by the door? Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?

7． 只能使用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：

1). 當(dāng)先行詞是物，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能使用關(guān)系代詞which來(lái)引導(dǎo)。

2). 當(dāng)先行詞是物，介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前面時(shí)，這個(gè)關(guān)系代詞只能是which。e.g. A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.

3). 復(fù)合句中含有兩個(gè)修飾物的定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)已經(jīng)用了that，另一個(gè)只能使用關(guān)系代詞which。e.g. Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.

4). 先行詞是集合名詞時(shí)，如果著眼于集體，關(guān)系代詞只能是which。e.g. Our basketball team, which took the second place last year, play better this years.

8． 只能使用關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：

1). 當(dāng)先行詞是those, one, ones, anyone等時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能是who。e.g. Those who want to see the film, please raise your hands. Anyone who plays with fire will get burnt.

2). 當(dāng)先行詞是用-body, 或-one構(gòu)成的不定代詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能是who。e.g. Is there anybody else who should be invited?

3). 當(dāng)先行詞后面有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)或者定語(yǔ)從句被分隔時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能是who。e.g. A teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German. I met a foreigner in the city last week who could speak Chinese.

4). 當(dāng)先行詞是集合名詞時(shí)，如果著眼于個(gè)體，關(guān)系代詞只能是who。 e.g. Our class, who are made up of the top students, will do our best in the coming mid-term exam.

5). 主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)，如果需要修飾的主語(yǔ)是人，只能使用關(guān)系代詞who。 e.g.

3.

There is a gentleman who wants to see you.

9． 關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的用法：

1). 關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：when表示時(shí)間，在從句中做狀語(yǔ)，用來(lái)修飾表示時(shí)間的名詞如：(time, day, year, hour, week)等。它可以用相應(yīng)的“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”來(lái)進(jìn)行替換。e.g. I’ll never forget the day when / on which I saw Chairman Mao. We won’t forget the days when / during which we stayed with you.

2). 關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：where表示地點(diǎn)，在從句中做狀語(yǔ)，用來(lái)修飾表示地點(diǎn)的名詞如：(place, room, house, square, office)等。它可以用相應(yīng)的“介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”進(jìn)行替換。e.g. This is the place where / in which he works. = This is the place (which) he works in. The house where / in which Lu Xun once lived has become a place of interest. = The house (which / that) Lu Xun once lived in has become a place of interest.

3). 關(guān)系副詞 why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：why表示原因，在從句中做狀語(yǔ)，用來(lái)修飾表示原因的名詞如：(reason)等。它可以用相應(yīng)的“介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”來(lái)進(jìn)行替換。e.g. I don’t know the reason why / for which he said that. = I don’t know the reason (which / that) he said that for. Can you tell me the reason for which / why you didn’t finish your homework? = Can you tell me the reason (which / that) you didn’t finish your homework for?

10．限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：

1)． 從形式上來(lái)看，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)；限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主

句之間沒(méi)有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。e.g. This is the place where the Red Army made the crossing in

1934. Mr. Smith, who came to see us yesterday, is a relative of my wife.

2)． 從內(nèi)容上來(lái)看，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以省略而意義保持完整；限制性定語(yǔ)從句不

可以省略。如果省略掉意義不能保持完整。e.g. Do you know the reason why I was

late? à Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. The dog which was lost has

been found. à The sun, which rises in the east, gives us heat and light.

3). 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與限制性定語(yǔ)從句所表達(dá)的意義不一樣。e.g. She has a uncle who

is a teacher. à She has a uncle, who is a teacher. In the class there are 12 students

who are good at English. à In the class there are 12 students, who are good at English.

4). 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句不能用that引導(dǎo)，只能用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)。

11. “one of the + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后面的定語(yǔ)從句中 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)用法：

首先比較下面的一組句子： a. He is one of the teachers that play basketball very well. –

à b. He is the only one of the teachers that is good at singing.

結(jié)論A. 先行詞是“one of the + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)后面的定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。e.g. He is one of the few teachers who know Japanese well. She is one of the students who study very hard in Class I.

結(jié)論B．如果“one of the + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞” 這一結(jié)構(gòu)前面帶有the only之類的限定詞，后

面的定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。這是因?yàn)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句在意義上修飾the

only one，而不是那個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)名詞。e.g. Mr. Chen is the only one of the teachers who has

published many English books in our school. He is the only one of the students who

studies very hard in Class III.

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