動詞的時態(tài) --- 基本概念 5. 現(xiàn)在進行時和過去進行時 基本概念: 指目前(一點或一段時間) / 過去(一點或一段時間)正在發(fā)生的動作. 例句 1. I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come (正確選項 C, 指目前一段時間正在發(fā)生的動作, until 引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句,動詞需用一般現(xiàn)在時.) 2. --- When shall we leave? --- As soon as I ______ what I _______. A. will finish; do B. have finished, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do (正確選項B, as soon as 從句前省略了主句, 時間狀語從句中動詞強調(diào)將來的結(jié)果用現(xiàn)在完成時; what I am dong 指目前正在做的事.) 3. At that time he _____ in the library. A. worked B. had worked C. was working D. would work (正確選項C, was working 指 at that time 正在發(fā)生的行為.) 4. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she____in the office. A. were working; had left B. worked; left C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave (正確選項A, 句中went 是說話人給定的時間, work 和leave發(fā)生的時間都要看它們與went 的時間關(guān)系, work 與went動作同時發(fā)生, 強調(diào)正在做,用過去進行時; leave 在went之前發(fā)生, 應(yīng)用過去完成時.) 5. --- Hey, look where you are going! --- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. E. I didn’t notice. F. I won’t notice. (正確選項B, 對話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對方時正在做的事情.) 6. 一般過去時和過去進行時 比較下列句子： * I wrote a letter yesterday. （信寫完了） * I was writing a letter yesterday. （一直在寫信，但不一定寫完了） * I was writing a letter when he came in. (他進來時，我正在寫) 從以上例句可以看出，一般過去時常常用來表示過去的一個有結(jié)果的動作，而過去進行時1）強調(diào)動作在某一時刻正在發(fā)生2）動作在過去一段時間內(nèi)一直在發(fā)生，無論哪一種情況都不強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果。再如： *He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 正確選項為B. 從I don’t know if he has finished it. 推斷，他去年正在寫。 * Tom ________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 正確選項為A. slip和notice 為同時發(fā)生的動作，因此B、C為錯誤選項，slipped指過去有結(jié)果的動作（他溜進去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜進去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒有人注意）。 * As she ________ the newspaper, Granny _________ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell was reading; was falling D. read; fell 正確選項為B(道理同上)。 * The last time I _________ Jane she __________ cotton in the fields. A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking 正確選項為D(道理同上)。 7. 過去完成時 基本概念: A) 表過去某一時間以前有結(jié)果的行為 * She said she had seen the film. 這里需要注意的是，had seen 一定是發(fā)生在said之前的行為，而不是之后。 再如： * The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital. A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died 正確選項為A, 因為died是發(fā)生在had been sent to hospital之后而不是之前的行為；died 是站在現(xiàn)在時間角度看過去，是強調(diào)過去發(fā)生了的事情，而不是強調(diào)現(xiàn)在如何，因此D錯，B錯（過去將來時是站在過去的時間角度看過去的將來）。 * Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways. A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned 正確選項為A(道理同上)。 B) 表延續(xù)到過去某一時間的行為 * She said she had been a doctor for 20 years. C) 表過去某一時間以前未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望或打算 * I _____ my son _____ a doctor, but he wasn’t good enough at science. A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become 正確選項為B。 * I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped 正確選項為C。 8. 過去將來時 基本概念: 表過去某一時間之后將要發(fā)生的行為（過去的將來）。 * We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____ office soon. A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left

正確選項為B。

* She said she ___(leave) the next morning.

答案可以是：A. would leave B. was leaving C. was going to leave

由此可以看出, 我們在一般將來時中討論的將來時的多種形式均可靈活地運用于過去將來時中。

9. 將來完成時

基本概念:

在討論了現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時之后，我們應(yīng)該認識到：完成時的概念其實就是兩條1）表結(jié)果 2）表延續(xù) ，站在現(xiàn)在時間角度看，就是現(xiàn)在完成時；時間移到過去就是過去完成是；時間移至將來就是將來完成時，因此，將來完成時

A) 表到將來某一時間前要完成的行為

* By the end of 2000 they will have built the factory.

* We will have finished the work before she arrives tonight.

B) 表延續(xù)到將來某一時間的行為

* I will have been a teacher for 20 years by the end of next year.

動詞的被動語態(tài)

以上我們討論了動詞主動語態(tài)的各種時態(tài)，與主動語態(tài)一樣，被動語態(tài)也有相同的各種時態(tài)。因此，我們只要關(guān)注被動語態(tài)的某些特殊用法就可以了。

被動語態(tài)的某些特殊用法

A. 有些及物動詞有時形式上為主動, 表達主語的特性或特征

* The kind of cloth washes well.

* The book sells / writes well.

* Your hands feel cold.