1.Don’t reach sideways while standing on a ladder.

站在梯子上的時(shí)候，不要側(cè)著身子伸手拿東西。

1)句中的reach是不及物動(dòng)詞，作“伸出手”解。

sideways是副詞，作“側(cè)著身子”解。

［例］The little boy reached for the apple on the table.

小男孩伸手夠桌上的蘋果。

He was so fat that he could only get through the door sideways.他太胖了，只能 側(cè)身通過這個(gè)大門。

2)句中的while standing on a ladder是while you are standing on a ladder的省略。在有些(時(shí))表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件等狀語(yǔ)從句中，如謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be，而主語(yǔ)又和主句的主語(yǔ)一致，那么，從句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的一部分，�？墒÷浴�

［例］Don’t listen to music while doing your homework.

2.Repeat this as often as is necessary.(=Repeat this action as many times as it is necessary.)根據(jù)需要盡量多次重復(fù)這個(gè)動(dòng)作。

1)句中this指上句的…breathe into his/her mouth(向口里吹氣)這個(gè)動(dòng)作。often在這里作“多次”解(many times.)

2)as…as 作“像……一樣地”解，引起表示比較的狀語(yǔ)從句。在兩個(gè)as的中間插入形容詞或副詞。在第二個(gè)as后常跟名詞或代詞，也可以跟從句。例如：

Jimmy is as tall as his father (is tall).

吉米跟他爸爸一樣高。(as后跟名詞)

He can run as fast as I(as run)

他可以跑得跟我一樣快。(as后跟代詞)

You know as much about that as I do.關(guān)于那件事，你了解得跟我一樣多。(as后跟從句)

Please come as soon as (is) possible.

請(qǐng)盡可能早點(diǎn)回來(lái)。(as后跟從句，其中is通常省去)

最后這個(gè)例句中的as soon as is possible,和課文中的as often as is necessary 非常近似。第二個(gè)as后跟從句可以看作是省略了主語(yǔ)it，那as often as (it) is necessary.又如 ：

In English class, we should speak English as much as (is) possible.在英語(yǔ)課上我們應(yīng)當(dāng)盡可能多說英語(yǔ)。

You can explain grammar points in Chinese as much as is necessary.你可以根據(jù)需要，用漢語(yǔ)來(lái)解釋語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。

核心知識(shí)

常用單詞積累

knee ought ought to still(adj)

medical care bite mouth-to-mouth lay

burn cut(n) electric container pool

by mistake pay attention to a short while

基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)精講

1.injure (vt) hurt, damage

(1)傷害，損害；

(2)傷(感情)；

例In the railroad accident 300 people were injured.在這次火車失事中300人受傷。

Many houses were injured by the storm.許多房屋被暴風(fēng)所損壞。

You have an injured look.(injured adj.受冤屈的，感情受傷害)

你像受了冤屈的樣子。

injure, hurt和wound都有“受傷”，“傷害”之意。但在使用時(shí)它們是有不同的，injure 指發(fā)生某些事以導(dǎo)致傷害，減少或減損力量，健康、完美、權(quán)利、價(jià)值、用途等，為一般用 語(yǔ)。hurt為injured之較不正式的代用語(yǔ)，特指造成對(duì)人或物實(shí)質(zhì)上的損害，或身心的痛苦。另外，hurt還可用作vi.作“感到疼痛”；wound主要指切傷、割傷、刺傷，在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上身體 受傷，有時(shí)也可以指信用、名譽(yù)、感情等受到損傷。

例 Dishonesty injures a business.欺騙有害營(yíng)業(yè)。

He hurt my hand by twisting it.他扭傷了我的手。

The shell wounded him in the head.炮彈傷了他的頭部。

Does your leg still hurt(=give pain)?你的腿還痛嗎?

I was rather hurt by what they said about me.他們對(duì)我的批評(píng)，使我相當(dāng)傷心。

2.need“需要”既可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，也可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，使用時(shí)需注意下列幾點(diǎn)：

(1)作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，它通常表示立即完成的必要性，常用來(lái)要求許可或給予許可。第三人稱單數(shù)像其他所有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一樣，不帶-s，不能構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式、v-ing或過去分詞，構(gòu)成疑問句和否定句時(shí)不用助動(dòng)詞do，后面跟的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時(shí)加-s，構(gòu)成疑問句和否定句時(shí)須借助動(dòng)詞do(does, did)，后面跟的不定式有to。

(2)作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞need一般只用于否定句、疑問句，在肯定句中，它是全然不用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。

(She need do it now.是錯(cuò)誤的，應(yīng)用實(shí)義動(dòng)詞She needs to do now.)

(3)應(yīng)注意needn’t與mustn’t之間的區(qū)別，needn’t用來(lái)表示沒有義務(wù)；mustn’t則表示有義務(wù)不做某事。

例You needn’t tell Jennifer--She already knows.你不用告訴詹妮了--她已經(jīng)知道了。

You mustn’t tell Margaret--I don’t want her to know.你千萬(wàn)別告訴瑪格麗特--我不想她知道。

(4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞need可用于needn’t + have +過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，用來(lái)表示“做了不必做的事情”。

例I needn’t have bought all that wine--Only three people came.其實(shí)我沒必要買這么多酒--只來(lái)了三個(gè)人。

(5)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞need后可跟v.-ing，動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，使用v-ing時(shí)，則有被動(dòng)意義。

例The garden needs watering(or…to be watered).花園需要澆水了。

Your hair needs cutting(…to be cut).你該理發(fā)了。

*類似動(dòng)詞還有require, want，后跟v-ing作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)都用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)意思。

3.enough n. adj.＆ adv.

(1)n.足夠的東西(如錢，事情，工作等)。enough用作名詞時(shí)，可代表不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞。在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。

例Not enough is known about this subject (作主語(yǔ)).

關(guān)于這個(gè)問題，知道得還不夠多。

He couldn’t earn enough to keep a family of four (作賓語(yǔ)).

他賺的錢不足養(yǎng)活四口之家。

Five men will be quite enough (作表語(yǔ)).

五個(gè)人將完全足夠了。

(2)adj 足夠(的)

enough用作形容詞時(shí)，可以放在所修飾的名詞之前，也可放在名詞之后。

例We haven’t enough time (time enough) to catch the train now.我們現(xiàn)在趕火車的時(shí)間不夠了。

(3)adv.夠……(緊跟所修飾的詞)

enough 用作副詞時(shí)，放在它所修飾的形容詞、副詞和過去分詞之后，并與不定式或for連用。

例The situation is serious enough.局勢(shì)夠嚴(yán)重。

The boy isn’t old enough to go to school.這男孩還不到上學(xué)的年齡。

Five pounds is a good enough price for it.買這樣?xùn)|西5英鎊的價(jià)格是完全足夠了。

4.Make the person throw up.使這個(gè)人嘔吐。

throw up

(1)吐出，嘔吐

(2)放棄，辭去

例After he had thrown up, he felt better.吐過之后，他感到好受一些。

He threw up his dinner.他把吃的飯嘔吐了。

This man has thrown up his job.這人已辭掉他的工作了。

He had planned to go to the North for the summer but since then he had thrown it up.他曾計(jì)劃到北方去消夏，但后來(lái)已放棄了這個(gè)打算。

5.attention

注意；專心(不可數(shù))；款待；殷勤(復(fù)數(shù))

常用短語(yǔ)：

pay attention to 注意，專心

call attention to 要求(某人)注意

draw one’s attention to.吸引某人的注意

turn (or direct) one’s attention to.使之注意

fix one’s attention on (or apon.).注意

pay attentions to.殷勤款待

例Never mind about me. Please pay attentions to the ladies.不要管我，請(qǐng)好好款待女士們。

Pay attention to what you’re doing.注意你所做的事。

He drew (called) my attention to a point I had overlooked.他提醒我注意我忽略了的一點(diǎn)。

Please direct (turn) your attention to what I’m saying.請(qǐng)注意我正講的話。

We all fixed our attention on (upon) the exhibited new machines.我們所有人都被展出的新機(jī)器吸引住了。

6.should與ought to

(1)should和ought to的意思很接近。它們用來(lái)表達(dá)職責(zé)和義務(wù)，提出勸告，及一般說來(lái)我們認(rèn)為人們應(yīng)該去做的正確的事或好事。在多數(shù)情況下可以換用，但有些細(xì)微的差別。should主要談的是自己的主觀看法；ought to則更多反映客觀情況，在談到法律、義務(wù)和規(guī)定時(shí)使用。

例You should/ought to/try to make fewer mistakes.你應(yīng)該設(shè)法少犯一些錯(cuò)誤。

He shouldn’t/oughtn’t to/do things like that.他不應(yīng)該做那種事情。

We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will.明天我們按理應(yīng)該去看瑪麗，但是我認(rèn)為我們不會(huì)去。(這句用should就不對(duì)了。用should意味著主觀上認(rèn)為應(yīng)該去看她，而后面又說不準(zhǔn)備去做，這前后就矛盾了。)

(2)should和ought to可以用來(lái)談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在和將來(lái)，但不能用來(lái)談?wù)撨^去。要談過去那些應(yīng)該發(fā)生而沒有發(fā)生的事，應(yīng)用“should(ought to)+ have +過去分詞”，或用“was to have +過去分詞�！�

例The plant’s dead. Maybe I should have given it more water.這棵植物死了，也許我該多澆點(diǎn)兒水。

We ought to have got here earlier; the train’s packed.我們本該早點(diǎn)到，火車太擠了。

I was to have started work last week; but I changed my mind.我本該(本打算)上星期開始工作；但我改變了主意。

7.lay vt.＆ vi.放，擱，擺；擬定；下蛋、產(chǎn)卵

～ sb. on one’s back 平放某人

例 ①Lay the table; we’ll have dinner.擺好了飯桌，我們要吃飯了。

②It’s time for us to ～ a plan.我們?cè)撛O(shè)定個(gè)計(jì)劃了。

③Laying eggs is the ant queen’s full-time job.產(chǎn)卵是蟻后的專職工作。

④The hens didn’t ～ in cold winter in the past.過去冬天里雞不下蛋。

Note lay 還來(lái)可以譯為“躺”，為“l(fā)ie”的過去式，過去分詞為“l(fā)ain”，現(xiàn)在分詞“l(fā)ying”.

8.take it easy = take things easy 慢慢來(lái)，別著急

口辨析 easy does it 小心點(diǎn)，慢點(diǎn)

例 ①Take it easy. You’ll be better.別著急，你會(huì)好起來(lái)的。

②Take it easy. we can catch the train.慢點(diǎn)，我們會(huì)趕上火車的。

③Take it easy. The dictionary must be found.別著急，字典會(huì)找到的。

④Easy does it. The knife is very sharp.小心點(diǎn)，刀子很鋒利。

⑤Easy does it. Don’t run into the car.慢點(diǎn)，不要撞到車上。

9.by mistake 弄錯(cuò)(介詞詞組)

口辨析 make a mistake 犯錯(cuò)誤；搞錯(cuò)(動(dòng)詞詞組)

例①I took him for his brother by mistake.我錯(cuò)把他當(dāng)成他弟弟了。

②He took the wrong bag by mistake.他拿錯(cuò)了手袋。

③You made a mistake about the time.你弄錯(cuò)時(shí)間了。

④We all make mistakes.我們都會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤。

10.aid 用法小結(jié)

aid 作動(dòng)詞，相當(dāng)于help。“幫助；援助”

句式〔aij+名詞/動(dòng)詞〕幫助某人

①Let’s aid each other.讓我們彼此幫助吧!

②He aided me to finish the work.他幫助我完成這份工作。

③Neighbours aided him with money when he almost lost everything in the fire.當(dāng)他在火災(zāi)中幾乎失去一切的時(shí)候，鄰居們用錢來(lái)幫助他。

注意：aid是比較正式的用語(yǔ)，較為莊重，在日常生活中不多用。help則含義較廣，特別在日常生活中用的較多，幾乎所有用aid的地方都可用help代替。aid也可用作名詞，可表具體意義，也可表抽象意義，相當(dāng)于help。

④He came to my aid.

他來(lái)幫助我。(=He came to aid me.)

⑤What is the collection in aid of?所募集的款子作何用途?

注意：aid表具體意義時(shí)，常表“有用/有助之物”的意思，常和其他名詞構(gòu)成合成詞如：he aring-aid助聽器等。visual aids 視覺教具(如圖片、影片、幻燈片等)

注意：do/give/offer first aid(to sb.)表“施行急救，”“進(jìn)行急救”的意思。

詞匯鏈：

抽去之后變成：

ad〔d〕n.廣告 (=advertisement)

以-aid結(jié)尾的單詞：

maid〔meid〕n.少女；女仆

afraid 〔＇freid〕adj. 擔(dān)心的；害怕的

同義詞：

assist 〔’? sist〕v.幫助；協(xié)助

help 〔help〕v.＆n.幫助；援助

典型例題

Most animals have little connection with animals of a different kind, unless they hunt them for food. Sometimes, however, two kinds of animals come together in a partnership(伙伴關(guān)系) which does good to both of them. You may have noticed some birds sitting on the back of sheep. This is not because they want a ride, but they find easy food in the parasties(寄生蟲) on sheep. The sheep allow the birds to do so because they remove the cause of discomfort. So although they can manage without each other, they do better together.

Sometimes an animal has a plant partner. The relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage without each other. This is so in the corals(珊瑚) of the sea. In their skins they have tiny plants which act as “dustman”,taking some of the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs to breathe. If the plants are killed, or are even prevented from light so that they cannot live normally, or are even prevented from light so that they cannot live normally, the corals will die.

1.Some birds like to sit on a sheep because ______________.

A. they can eat its parasites

B.they depend on the sheep for existence

C. they enjoy travelling with the sheep

D. they find the position most comfortable

2.The underlined word “they” in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to ______________.

A. birds and parasites B. birds and sheep

C. parasites and sheep D. sheep, birds and parasites

3.It can be learnt from the text that the coral depends on the plant for ______________.

A. comfor B. light C. food D. oxygen

4.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?

A. Some animals and plants depend on each other for existence.

B. Some animals and plants develop their relationship easily.

C. Some plants depend on each other for food.

D. Some animals live better together.

解析 1.這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題。答案是A。文中You may have noticed some birds sitting on the backs of sheep. This is not because they want to ride, but be cause they find easy food in the parasites on sheep.便是該題的信息。

2.這是一道所指題。劃線單詞系指鳥和羊，故B為最佳答案。

3.這是一道判斷題。從文中In their skins they have tiny plants which act as “dust man”,taking some of the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animals needs to breathe.一句可以得出結(jié)論，D為該題的正確答案。

4.該題要求考生找出第二自然段的中心思想。本段通過例舉珊瑚來(lái)證明動(dòng)物植物為了生存而相互依靠，故A為最佳答案。

【有關(guān)"First Aid" 的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)】

教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)1. Frist Aid

學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)：

（一）知識(shí)教學(xué)點(diǎn)

1．單詞

knee n．膝蓋　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 safety n．安全，保險(xiǎn)

still adj．不動(dòng)的，靜止的；平靜的　　　　　　　 wire n．電線

bite(bit, bitten/bit) vt． ＆ vi．　　　　　　　　　　 guard n．防護(hù)裝置，警戒

咬，�！　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　� sideway n．岔路，旁路 adv．向

lay(laid ,laid)vt．放，擱　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 側(cè)面

mouth-to-mouth adj．口對(duì)口的　　　　　　　　　　 firm adj．牢固的，堅(jiān)定的

burn n．燒傷，灼傷　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 firmly adv．牢牢地

cut n．傷口　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 wherever conj．無(wú)論在哪里

electric adj．電的，用電的　　　　　　　　　　　　　 stomach n．胃

container n． 容器　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 injure vt．損害，傷害

pool n．池塘　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 injured adj．受傷的

breathe vi．呼吸　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 injury n．受傷處

within prep．在……里面，在……　　　　　　　 poison n．毒藥

之內(nèi)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 quantity n．量，數(shù)量

handkerchief n．手帕　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 nearby adj．附近的

wound n．創(chuàng)傷，傷口

2．詞組

first aid急救　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 deal with處理，應(yīng)付

ought to應(yīng)該　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 take it easy別著急；放心好了

medical care醫(yī)療護(hù)理　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 running water流水，自來(lái)水

by mistake由失誤（疏忽）所致　　　　　　　　　 out of one's reach夠不著

pay attention to注意，留心；關(guān)心　　　　　　　　 throw up嘔吐；吐出（實(shí)物）

in a short while一會(huì)兒以后，不久　　　　　　　　 hold up舉高

3．交際用語(yǔ)

We must carry her to the side of the road．

You mustn't move someone if they are badly hurt．

Parents should know some first aid．

You shouldn't get up if you are badly hurt．

I ought to go home．

I have to cook supper for my grandmother．

4．語(yǔ)法

復(fù)習(xí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must, should的用法，學(xué)習(xí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞ought to的用法。

（二）能力訓(xùn)練點(diǎn)

通過口頭及筆頭訓(xùn)練，了解及學(xué)習(xí)掌握一些急救常識(shí)，能夠正確處理日常生活中遇到的偶發(fā)事故。

教案內(nèi)容：

【關(guān)于“First Aid”的常見問題】

常見問題1: First Aid

問題：

He was just _______________ when there was a loud _______________ the door.

A. falling asleep…knock at B.falling behind…knock on

C. fell down…knock into D.fell over…knock off

解答:

解析：答案為A。fall asleep 入睡，fall behind 落后，fall down 倒下，fall over 摔倒。knock 可以作名詞，表示“敲擊”，可接介詞at或on。

常見問題2: First Aid

問題：

Did you leave the door _______________?

A. opening B. locking

C. closed D. shutted

解答:

解析：答案為C。leave表示“讓(繼續(xù)處于某狀態(tài))”之意時(shí)，后接賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，其賓補(bǔ)也可以是形容詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞或從句等。此句的意思應(yīng)是門被關(guān)的狀態(tài)。選項(xiàng)A的open本身可作形容詞表示狀態(tài)。

常見問題3: First Aid

問題：

_______________ the young plant, he asked me _______________ was the type of plant _______________ we had seen in the film.

A. Pointed to…that…that B.Pointing at…if…that

C. Pointing to…if that…which D.Pointed at…that…which

解答:

解析：答案為C。這是一個(gè)復(fù)合詞。主句he asked me后面接if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句(if that…in the film)。這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句中包含一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句“which we had seen in the film”，修飾先行詞the type of plant。句首的-ing短語(yǔ)(Pointing to the young plant)作方式狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨動(dòng)作。

常見問題4: First Aid

問題：

Don't move the books on the shelf.__________them where they are.

A．Put B．Place C．Let D．leave

解答:

導(dǎo)析：leave在這里意思是“使……處于某種狀態(tài)”。本句話的意思是“別動(dòng)書架上的書，讓他們保持原樣”。答案：D

常見問題5: First Aid

問題：

I'm wondering how he can manage to______such with a difficult problem.

A．do with B．deal with

C．putupwith D．get alongwith

解答:

導(dǎo)析：deal with通常與how連用，表示“如何處理某人或某事”。put up with忍受，get alongwith與……相處、進(jìn)展、均與題意不符。do with與what連用，意為“處理、對(duì)付”。答案：B

常見問題6: First Aid

問題：

Little Frantz stood there,_______lift his head.

A．daring no to B．not daring C．dared not D．not dared

解答:

導(dǎo)析：dare在此處為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，用v-ing形式作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，在前面加not，構(gòu)成否定形式。另外dare作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，用于否定句中，后接的不定式符號(hào)to可省去。答案：B

常見問題7: First Aid

問題：

--Why was the road crowded?

--The traffic was________by a car accident.

A．held up B．held back C．held out D．held to

解答:

導(dǎo)析：hold up此處意為“使停頓、耽擱”，holdback阻止，阻塞。hold out堅(jiān)持、伸出，hold to堅(jiān)持(說法、看法等)、遵循。答案：A

常見問題8: First Aid

問題：

It was very kind ofyou to do the washing-up，but you_____________it

A．didn't need to B．shouldn't have done

C．needn't have done D．couldn't have done

解答:

導(dǎo)析：needn't have done something表示“做了沒有必要做的事情，didn't need to do something則表示“過去沒有必要作，實(shí)際上也沒有做”。如：It was Sunday yesterday，I didn't need to go to work，so I stayed at home all day. couldn't have done something不可能已經(jīng)……，shouldn't have done something本不該……實(shí)際上已經(jīng)……，含有“責(zé)備的口吻”。答案：C

常見問題9: First Aid

問題：

If only he______quietly as the doctor instructed，he would not suffer so much now.

A．lies B．lay C．hadlain D．shouldlie

解答:

導(dǎo)析：本句中的if引導(dǎo)的從句表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，應(yīng)用“had+過去分詞”。答案：C

常見問題10: First Aid

問題：

Since you have repaired my TV set，__________is no need for me to buya new one.

A．it B．there C．this D．that

解答:

導(dǎo)析：There is no need for somebody to do something為一固定句型，意為“沒有必要做某事”例如：Now that the problem has been settled，there is no need for us to discuss it again.答案：B

常見問題11: First Aid

問題：

If you_____any problems when you arrive at the airport，give me a ring.

A．come up with B．set about

C．run into D．put aside

解答:

導(dǎo)析；run into在此處意思是“遇到、碰上(meet with，come across)”，與本題題意符合。come up with提出(問題)、拿出(意見)，set about開始、著手，put aside把……放在一邊，不考慮。答案：C