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Unit 16 Social and personal

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2016-1-15 編輯:互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機(jī)版

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】

Ⅰ. 單詞和詞組

 四會(huì):preparation , affect , show sb around , so long as ,

 三會(huì):have a gift for , easy-going , fun-loving , tourism , workmate

Ⅱ. 交際英語(yǔ)

 Apologies , regrets and responses

 1. I'm sorry …

 2. I apologize …

 3. Please excuse me …

 4. I'm afraid …

 5. I shouldn't …

 6. I ought to do …

 7. What a shame !

 8. That's nothing . / Never mind . / It's not important . / It doesn't matter .

/ That's all right . / That's OK .

 9. Don't worry .

 10. Forget it .

Ⅲ. 語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)

 復(fù)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法。注意現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

【單元詞匯總結(jié)】

 1. take a part-time job 兼職

 take a full-time job 全職

 2. be on one's / the way to a lecture在去聽(tīng)報(bào)告的途中

 注意:on one's / the way to doing即將

 He is on the way to becoming a doctor .

 3. ask sb for directions = ask sb the way問(wèn)路

 4. go in the direction of朝……方向去,如:

 I saw her go in the direction of the bus stop .

 5. have a gift for在……方面有天賦

 As far as I know , she has a gift for music .

 6. make … lively and interesting

 You are supposed to make your speech lively and interesting , which is of great

importance .

 7. at lunchtime在中飯時(shí)

 注意類(lèi)似詞組:at dawn在黎明時(shí),at supper在吃晚飯時(shí),at work在上班,等。

 8. start one's own business開(kāi)始經(jīng)營(yíng)自己的行業(yè)

 9. offer guide services to tourists向游客們提供導(dǎo)游服務(wù)

 10. lead / live an active life積極地生活。如:

 To my great disappointment , he didn't lead an active life .

 11. in a difficult position = in trouble碰到麻煩

 12. have nothing to lose不會(huì)有任何情況

 13. catch sb stealing當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓住某人偷東西。如:

 Later , the salesgirl was caught stealing the goods .

 14. in my personal opinion在我個(gè)人看來(lái)

 15. play a trick on作弄某人。如:

 It's impolite for them to play tricks on the foreigners .

 16. call in the police叫來(lái)警察

 17. turn out better結(jié)果會(huì)更好些

 18. set up a company建立一個(gè)公司 19. warn sb about / of sth提醒某人當(dāng)心…… 。warn sb against sth = warn sb not to do sth 。

 20. in the course of 在……期間

 He fell sick in the course of the discussion .

 21. write a reply to sb = write a letter of reply to sb給某人回信

 22. have a great / happy weekend= have a good time at weekend過(guò)個(gè)非常愉快的周末

【詞語(yǔ)辨析】

1. 辨析example與instance:

  這兩個(gè)詞都表示例子。example例子,實(shí)例,普通用語(yǔ),主要指在同類(lèi)事物中具有代表性、典型性的例子,能簡(jiǎn)明扼要地說(shuō)明問(wèn)題。example在教學(xué)中用得相當(dāng)多,如:in the following example.在下例中/in the above example在上例中/Further examples are needed.需要進(jìn)一步舉例說(shuō)明。instance例子,事例,實(shí)例,與example 極為接近,?梢越粨Q使用。但instance多指事實(shí),諸如過(guò)去的某事件或例外的事實(shí)等,不像example那樣強(qiáng)調(diào)代表性、典型性。沒(méi)有通例的意思,只是舉出一孤立事實(shí)說(shuō)明問(wèn)題。for instance也是常用語(yǔ),僅指舉例說(shuō)明,for example卻是從諸多事物中選出一例,說(shuō)明一般。如:I can't think of an instance when mother was unfair.我想不出一件事例能說(shuō)明母親不公平。

2. 辨析hard與hardly:

  這一對(duì)詞語(yǔ)在詞義差異甚大。hard 是常用語(yǔ),含義較多,在句子中可充當(dāng)形容詞或副詞。注意hard在下列句子中的詞性及含義:This material is so hard that it can be used for cutting steel.這種材料很硬,可以用來(lái)削切鋼材。(形容詞:硬的)/Though he finished his work, yet he found it hard.他雖完成了工作,但覺(jué)得很難。(形容詞:困難的)/This problem demands a lot of hard thinking. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題可傷腦筋了。(形容詞:努力的)/The chemist tried very hard to make his analysis accurate.那化學(xué)家設(shè)法使他的分析準(zhǔn)確。(副詞:努力地)/It was a winter night. It was raining hard.那是個(gè)冬天的夜晚,雨下得很大。(副詞:猛烈地)/hardly 簡(jiǎn)直沒(méi)法(不能),幾乎不,副詞。scarcely和barely是它的同義詞。例:It is hardly possible that such a thing could have happened.發(fā)生這樣的事不太可能。hardly也作剛剛,恰好解。例:He had hardly gone out when he was called back.他剛走出門(mén)就被叫了回來(lái)。

【語(yǔ)法-被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)】

一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本用法

  當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作時(shí),主語(yǔ)和它可以有兩種不同 關(guān)系;主動(dòng)關(guān)系或被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

  在表示主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)(即主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)),謂語(yǔ)的形式稱(chēng)為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(the Active Voice)。在表示被動(dòng) 關(guān)系時(shí)(即主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)),謂語(yǔ)要用另一種形 式,稱(chēng)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(the Passive Voice)。在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的句 子中,動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引起的短語(yǔ)表示。

 1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成

 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be加過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成,時(shí)態(tài)通過(guò) be表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。

 1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

 You're wanted on the phone.有人給你打電話(huà)。

 2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)

 The book was finished last week. 這書(shū)是上周寫(xiě)完 的。

 3)一般將來(lái)時(shí)

 You'll be allowed to go out tomorrow. 明天讓你出去。

 4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

 The building is being built. 這幢樓正在建設(shè)之中。

 The bikes were being repaired. 那時(shí)正在修自行車(chē)。

 5)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)

 This book has been translated into English. 這本 書(shū)已被譯成英語(yǔ)。

 The car had been repaired. 這時(shí)汽車(chē)已修完了。

 2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主要的用法

 1)我們不知道或沒(méi)有必要說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)(這時(shí) 都不帶由by引起的短語(yǔ))。

 The book is written for teachers. 這種書(shū)是為教師寫(xiě)的。

 2)動(dòng)作的承受者是談話(huà)的中心(這時(shí)可帶有by引起的短語(yǔ))。

 The shop is run by a young man.這家商店是由一個(gè)年輕人經(jīng)營(yíng)的。

 3)出于禮貌措辭等方面的考慮不愿說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 是誰(shuí)。

 It is generally considered not advisable to smoke here.一般認(rèn)為在這兒吸煙是不妥當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

 4)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)能使句子得到更好的安排。

 Liu Dehua appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.劉德華在臺(tái)上出現(xiàn),觀眾給予了熱烈的掌聲。

 5)在漢語(yǔ)中被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的句子是很多的,有些帶有"被"、 "受"、"由"等詞,譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)較易想到用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。

 他被選為我班班長(zhǎng)。He was elected monitor of our class.

 但在更多情況下卻不帶這類(lèi)標(biāo)記,這種情況值得特別注意。

 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)什么時(shí)候開(kāi)? When will the sports meet be held?

二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊形式小結(jié)

一)介詞形式,被動(dòng)意義

 This new railway is still under construction . 這條新鐵路仍在建設(shè)中。

 本句中的under construction "正在建設(shè)中"。介詞under構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ),如果它的賓語(yǔ)是表示動(dòng)作的名詞,通常含有被動(dòng)意義,意為"在……過(guò)程中"。它可改換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。但介詞結(jié)構(gòu)使句子言簡(jiǎn)意賅,避免過(guò)多地使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。這種介詞短語(yǔ)在句中常作表語(yǔ),也可作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。例如:

 Your suggestion is still under discussion . 你的建議正在討論中。

 He is said to be under arrest for stealing . 據(jù)說(shuō)他由于偷竊被捕了。

 The house under repair is our classroom building . 正在修建的房屋是我們的教學(xué)樓。

 常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)under短語(yǔ)還有:

 under attack在進(jìn)攻中,under arrest在關(guān)押中,under consideration在考慮中,

 under construction在建設(shè)中,under contact在聯(lián)系中,under discussion在討論中,

 under examination在審查中,under investigation在調(diào)查中,under repair在修理中,

 under review在審議中 under treatment在醫(yī)治中,under trial在受審中

二)主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)意義

(一) 不定式主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義

  1 . 當(dāng)不定式用在作表語(yǔ)的形容詞后,在句中作狀語(yǔ),而句中的主語(yǔ)又是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用不定式主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如上述句1句2。能帶主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的不定式而表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義的形容詞常見(jiàn)的有:easy、difficult、heavy、hard、nice、bitter、dangerous、light、interesting、important、expensive、fit、comfortable、pleasant、impossible等。其句型為S + link v + adj . + infinitive ( 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) ) ,類(lèi)似這種貌似主動(dòng)實(shí)為被動(dòng)的系表結(jié)構(gòu)的又如以下例句。

  Habits are easy to make but hard to break . ( Habits是to make、to break的邏輯賓語(yǔ) ) 。

  The water is fit to drink .

  The picture is pleasant to look at .

  2 . 當(dāng)不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),而句子的主語(yǔ)也是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)。例如:

Mathilde only has a small cold room to live in . ( Mathilde是to live in的邏輯主語(yǔ) )

He bought some magazines to read . ( He是to read的邏輯主語(yǔ) )

  3 . 當(dāng)不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞,是及物動(dòng)詞的直接賓語(yǔ),而間接賓語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)。例如:

Mother always gives her little daughter some picture books to read . ( Her little daughter是to read的邏輯主語(yǔ) )

  The teacher gave the students some paper to write on . ( The students是to write

on的邏輯主語(yǔ) )

(二) 在動(dòng)詞want、need、require等后面常用動(dòng)名詞表示被動(dòng)含義,等于不定式的被動(dòng)形式。再如:

  The bike needs ( wants ) repairing ( = to be repaired ) . 自行車(chē)需要修理了。

(三) worth后跟動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng),但是不跟不定式的被動(dòng)。再如:

  This novel is well worth reading。這本小說(shuō)很值得閱讀。

(四) 有些動(dòng)詞不及物動(dòng)詞,只有主動(dòng)形式,常視為主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。如:

  1 . take place、happen、break out等。

  A big fire happened / took place / broke out last night .

  2 . 感官動(dòng)詞 ( taste ; feel ; smell ; sound ; look ) 用主動(dòng)形式表示被意思。

  How sweet the music sounds !

  Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth .

  3 . write、read、sell、keep、prove、weigh、number、drink、wear、pay、wash、open常用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。請(qǐng)看下面句子:

  The book sells well. ( 這本書(shū)銷(xiāo)路很好。 )

  The door will not open. ( 這扇門(mén)就是打不開(kāi)。 )

  This dress washes better. ( 這衣服較耐洗。 )

  The sign reads as follows . ( 這牌子告示如下。