【知識點(diǎn)】
1.單詞和詞組
四會：rule 統(tǒng)治 oneself 自己 (be) busy with 忙于
三會：non-white 非白種人 equality 平等 fairness 公正 socialism 社會主義
hard-seat 硬座 determined 堅(jiān)決的 willingly 自愿地 disobey 不服從
being 生物；人 mourn 哀悼 in peace 安靜；和平
keep one's promise 實(shí)行諾言 Marxism 馬克斯主義
2.日常交際用語
I will....
I have (not) decided wh-clause / wh-word to....
I have decided to / that ....
I insist on / that ....
3.語法
復(fù)習(xí)和歸納句子的成分－－賓語補(bǔ)足語。
【重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)講解】
1，He was called"Bapu", meaning"father"----because he was the father of the Indian nation of the twentieth century. 他被人們稱為"巴普"，意思是父親，因?yàn)樗?0世紀(jì)印度的國父。
2，Mohandas Gandhi was born in India in 1869 and was married at the age of 13, following local custom. 莫漢達(dá)斯甘地于1869年生于印度，按照當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)俗，他在 13歲時就結(jié)婚了。
1) marry vt. 和……結(jié)婚。用法如下：
be/ get married，表示結(jié)婚，或表示已婚狀態(tài)。如果要表示"和某人結(jié)婚"，則用"marry sb. "或"be/ get married to sb. "(不能說 with sb. )。例如：
Joan is going to marry Hubert．瓊打算和休伯特結(jié)婚。(不說 Joan is going to marry with Hubert.)
They were married at the end of the war. 他們是戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束時結(jié)婚的。
---- Is he married or single? 他已婚還是獨(dú)身？
---- He is married. 他已婚。
He went abroad at the age of 24 and got married there. 他24歲出國，并在國外結(jié)婚。
He married Joan when he was 28. 他28歲同瓊結(jié)婚的。(不說married with Joan)
---- How long have you been married to Sheila? 你同希拉結(jié)婚多久了？
---- For twenty years. 20年了。(不說 married with Sheila)
2)句中的"following local custom"相當(dāng)于"acting according to local custom"(按當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)俗而行事)。這是一個-ing形式短語，作表示原因的狀語。動詞follow在句中作"遵循，"依照……行事"解。例如：
Following the doctor's advice, my father has given up drinking.
聽從醫(yī)生的勸告，我父親戒了酒。
They followed the order and destroyed the bridge. 他們奉命把橋炸毀了。
The villagers still followed the customs of their grandfathers.
村民們?nèi)匀话凑账麄冏嫦鹊牧?xí)俗行事。
3，On his return to India he had the chance to travel to South Africa to work on a law case.他一回到印度，就得到一個去南非的機(jī)會，到那里去處理一件案子。
on his return中的介詞on表示時間，意思是"在……的時候"(at the time of)或"一……就"(directly after)，強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個動作先后隨即發(fā)生。例如：
I heard the news on my arrival at the airport. 我一到機(jī)場就聽到了這條消息。
The children stood up on the entrance of the teacher. 教師一進(jìn)來，學(xué)生就起立。
On reaching the city he called up Mr Jackson. 他一到達(dá)那個城市，就給杰克遜先生打電話。
4，This experience was to change his life. 這個經(jīng)歷后來改變了他的生活道路。
was to change是一個"be+不定式"的結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常用來表示安排要在將來做的事情(be用現(xiàn)在式)，也可以表示曾經(jīng)計(jì)劃要做的事情(be用過去式)。例如：
The manager is to visit our factory next week. 經(jīng)理將于下周來我廠參觀。(is to visit大體相當(dāng)于 is going to visit)
She was to meet Mary at the entrance of the theatre. 她曾經(jīng)打算在劇院門口會見瑪麗。(was to meet大體相當(dāng)于 was going to meet)
但是本句中的"was to change"這個"be+不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)并不表示曾經(jīng)計(jì)劃要做的事情，而是表示不可避免地將要發(fā)生的事；不是指事先做好的安排，而是指"命中注定的事"。例如：
The worst is still to come. 最壞的事不可避免地會發(fā)生。
They said goodbye, not knowing that they were never to meet again.
他們道別了，但是他們不知道他們將永別了。
此外，" be + 不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)還可以表示命令。父母讓子女做事情常用這種說法。例如：
You are to do your homework before you watch TV. 你得做完家庭作業(yè)才能看電視。
Tell her she's not to be back late. 告訴她，不能晚回來。
5，He wrote about socialism in newspapers and started a magazine called "Indian Opinion".
他為報紙寫文章介紹社會主義，還創(chuàng)辦了一個叫《印度輿論》的雜志。
called"Indian Opinion"是過去分詞短語，作定語，修飾前面的名詞 magazine。這個過去分詞短語相當(dāng)于一個限制性定語從句 which was called"Indian Opinion"。
6，South Africa passed further laws designed to make life difficult for nonwhites.
南非又通過了一些法律，企圖給非白種人的生活造成困難。
designed to make…是過去分詞短語，作定語，修飾前面的名詞 laws。這個過去分詞短語相當(dāng)于一個限制性定語從句：(laws) which were designed to make life difficult for non-whites。
design通常作"設(shè)計(jì)"解，既可作動詞，也可作名詞。但本句中的design有intend的意思，作"目的是"、"打算給……用"解，常用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
The experiment is designed to test the new drug. 這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康脑谟趯@種新藥進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。
This weekend party is designed to make life happy for the students.
這次周末晚會的目的是使學(xué)生的生活愉快。
7，He had a gift for thinking up ways of making political points.
他有一種才能，能夠想方設(shè)法來闡述政治觀點(diǎn)。
think up作"想出(主意)"(think of an idea)解，有"發(fā)明"(invent)、"編造"(make up)的含意。例如：
She thought up a funny game for the children to play. 她想出了一個有趣的游戲給孩子們玩。
The prisoners tried to think up a plan for escape. 囚犯企圖想出一個越獄計(jì)劃。
The boss didn't think up any new ways to improve the working conditions.
老板沒有想出任何新的辦法來改善工作條件。
Children can always think up something interesting to pass the time.
孩子們總能夠想出有趣的法子來消磨時間。
8，Thousands joined him when he led a march to the coast, with the purpose of"making a little salt"when he reached the sea. 他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)過一次去海濱的進(jìn)軍，成千上萬的人參加了他的隊(duì)伍，目的是為了到海邊去"生產(chǎn)一點(diǎn)食鹽"。
with the puspose of作"懷著……的目的"解，在句中作表示目的的狀語。例如：
They came here with the purpose of making trouble. 他們到這里來，目的就是為了鬧事。
He went to London with the purpose of continuing his education. 他去倫敦是為了繼續(xù)求學(xué)。
with the purpose of中的介詞 with, 有時可用 for代替，構(gòu)成for the purpose of短語，表示"為著……目的"。例如：
We designed the new machine for the purpose of increasing production.
我們設(shè)計(jì)這臺新機(jī)器，目的是為了提高產(chǎn)量。
9，Gandhi was much more than a clever lawyer, a fine speaker, a determined fighter for human rights and a political leader. 甘地遠(yuǎn)不只是一個聰明的律師、優(yōu)秀的演說家、堅(jiān)定的人權(quán)戰(zhàn)士和政治領(lǐng)袖。
more than作"深為"、"豈只"、"不只是"解，常跟名詞、動詞等一起連用(如本句的 was more than作"豈只是"解)。例如：
They were more than glad to help. 他們是極其樂意幫忙的。
This more than satisfied me. 這使我深感滿意。
Both of them are much more than schoolmates. They are close friends.
他們兩個遠(yuǎn)不只是同學(xué)，他們是知心朋友。
He more than hesitated to accept the invitation. He simply refused it. 他對于接受邀請一事極為猶豫，干脆就拒絕了。
10，All his life he reached out for the truths of spirits and gods.
在他的一生中，他總是設(shè)法獲得神靈的真諦。
短語動詞reach out for作"設(shè)法抓住"、"設(shè)法獲得"解，其中的reach out有"伸出手去"的意思。例如：
He reached out for a book from the top of the shelf. 他伸手從書架頂上取下一本書來。
There are chances everywhere, but you must reach out for them. 機(jī)遇到處有，但靠你去抓。
Reach out for the rope, or you'll fall down. 伸手抓住那根繩子，否則你會掉下來的。
11，At the time of his death, one person praised him as follows："Future generations, it may be, will hardly believe that such a person as this walked upon this earth."
在他逝世的時候，有一個人對甘地作過如下的贊謄："后代人也許難以相信，在這個人世間，曾經(jīng)有過這樣一個人走過。"
1)as follows是一個固定詞組，作"如下"解，用以引出下文。例如：
Their suggestions are as follows…他們的建議如下：……
He received a note which ran as follows. 他收到一張便條，內(nèi)容如下。
2)句中的 it may be是一個插入語，它和副詞(maybe/ perhaps)在意思上很接近。插入語和句子的其它成分關(guān)系不十分緊密，常用逗號同句子其它部分分開。它不是描繪某一個句子成分，而是對全句進(jìn)行說明。引號中的句子相當(dāng)于： Perhaps future generations will hardly believe……
3)hardly adv. 幾乎沒有(almost no)，簡直不(almost not)。具有否定的含意，常與any連用。它的位置常在be動詞和助動詞之后，在其它動詞之前。例如：
There is hardly any wine in the bottle. 瓶子里幾乎沒有酒了。
He hardly works at all. ( = He does very little work.) 他幾乎不工作。
They have hardly eaten anything. 他們簡直什么東西也沒吃。
注意hard與hardly的區(qū)別：hard也可以作副詞，但意思同hardly大有區(qū)別。hard 作副詞時，意思是"努力"、"使勁地"。此外，hard還可以作形容詞，意思是"堅(jiān)硬的"、"艱難的"、"艱苦的"。因此，hard與hardly決不可以混淆。例如：
The ice is as hard as rock. 這塊冰像巖石一樣硬。(hard作形容詞)
Gandhi tried hard to struggle against racial discrimination. 甘地為反對種族岐視而進(jìn)行了艱苦的斗爭。(hard作副詞)
4) such… as像……這樣的，諸如……這類的。例如：
Such men as these are dangerous. 這樣的人都是危險人物。
He wished to be such a leader as Gandhi. 他曾經(jīng)希望作一名像甘地那樣的領(lǐng)袖。
Such a picture as this should be kept in a museum. 這樣的照片應(yīng)該由博物館保存。
注意，在such…as的中間如果是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時，應(yīng)在such后加不定冠詞。如such a leader as Gandhi不說 a such leader as Gandhi; such a picture不說 a such picture。
【詞語辨析】
1，fairness, fair, justice, just
(1)fair 常用形容詞"公平的，公正的"，其名詞為fairness"公正，公平"。(含 做事)公平，公道合理，不因個人情感或利益采取不正常行為。如：
We should be fair with one another . 我們彼此都應(yīng)光明正大。
She doesn't think the arrangement means fairness, does she ?
(2)just作形容詞"公正的，正直的，正義的，公平的"，其名詞為justice "正義，公平，公正，合法"。（常做司法用詞，合乎道義，做事符合大局， 不損害公眾利益。）如：
They are fighting for a just cause with the world people.
The murderer was brought to justice.
People are expecting the judges will do justice to the murder.
2， oppose, object, against, disagree, disapprove
(1)oppose"反對"，表示采取積極行動來反對，著重動作，反對的對象一般是較重大的事。當(dāng)主語反對時常用：be opposed to，當(dāng)主語被反對時常用：be opposed by。如：
He doesn't oppose the plan at all.
We were opposed by a force twice the size of our own.
I'm opposed to destroying the forest.
(2)object"反對"，指個人不贊成某事，或持有相反的意見,其名詞為objection . 常見搭配為：object to+ing, have no objection to有反對。如：
She objects to being scolded in public.
(3)against 為介詞"反對"。 disagree "不同意"是指平等關(guān)系的意見不同。 disapprove"不同意"指上級對下級或局外人對當(dāng)事人的看法。如：
Those who are not for me are against me. 那此不同意我的人就是反對我。
They disagreed as to when the wedding should take place.
關(guān)于何時舉行婚禮，他們意見不同。
His parents disapproved of his marriage.
【語法－賓語補(bǔ)足語】
1，在一些及物動詞及少數(shù)介詞后面，直接賓語后可跟賓語補(bǔ)足語，構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。賓語補(bǔ)足語是補(bǔ)充說明賓語的，它可以用動詞不定式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞等充當(dāng)。
He asked us to do him a favor.
On the way home she found her purse lost.
We chose Tom monitor.
He came in with a stick in his hand.
2，賓語補(bǔ)足語是不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞時，說明賓語主動支配動作，區(qū)別在于：不定式表示全過程，現(xiàn)在分詞只表示某一時刻或某段時間的情況；賓語補(bǔ)足語是過去分詞時，說明賓語是被動情況。在感官動詞(see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, notice等)或使令動詞(have, let, make, get等)后面，這三種情況都可能遇到(make和let后面一般不接現(xiàn)在分詞)，要具體情況具體分析；它們后面賓語補(bǔ)足語中的不定式不帶to，( get后面的不定式要帶to ), 但在被動語態(tài)中要帶to。
Did you notice the boys working all day long?(某段時間)
Did you notice the boys work?(全過程)
Did you notice the boys forced to work?(被動意義)
The boys were noticed to work. (被動語態(tài)中帶to)
3，有些動詞或動詞短語后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語多用不定式，不用現(xiàn)在分詞，如：ask, beg, require, want, wish, expect, invite, mean, tell, teach, show, allow, permit, persuade, advise, encourage, prefer, warn, hate, forbid, force, order, command, cause, bear, trouble, wait for, call on, depend on, would like, care for等等。
My teacher encouraged me to try again.
He asked us how to learn English.
4，有些動詞后面常接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，如：keep, leave, set, catch等等。
The man was caught stealing.
The problem set me thinking.
5，在一些動詞后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語常是to be， 如：believe, consider, declare, find, imagine, know, prove, suppose, feel, think, understand等等。
I know this to be a fact.
We believe her to be honest.
【賓語補(bǔ)足語練習(xí)】
1. It's dangerous for you ______ the horse running too fast.
2. He ______ it an honor to be invited to the party.
3. The death of the president ______ the country sad.
4. His English is so poor that he can't ______ himself understood.
5. At the time of the earthquake, you ______ the ground shaking or moving.
6. You'd better ______ all the windows open.
7. If the government ______ the factory polluting the river, there would be no fish here.
8. He returned home ______ his father lying sick in bed.
9. They ______ him the right man for the job.
10. The weather ______ us indoors that day.
【答案】
1. to keep 2. felt 3. made 4. make 5. will feel 6. leave / keep 7. left 8. to find 9. found 10. kept