一、 不定式的用法小結(jié)：

1、 在句中所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞郑褐髡Z、表語、賓語（動詞后的賓語和介詞后的賓語）、定語、補語（尤其是不帶to的動詞原形）、狀語

2、 不定式在句中擔(dān)當(dāng)各成分時的難點及重點

⑴在句中作主語：

①在It is adj. for sb. to do sth. 和 It is adj. of sb. to do sth. 句型中。

在前一句型中形容詞是表示事物特征的客觀性形容詞。如：difficult, hard, easy, necessary, rare, possible, important, dangerous 等。在后一句型中，形容詞是表示人的品質(zhì)特征的主觀性形容詞。如：kind, careful, nice, polite, honest, clever, foolish, wise, lazy等。�？梢园堰@類句型進(jìn)行改變，因為邏輯主語既是不定式的主語，又與句子的形容詞存在著主表關(guān)系。

e.g. It is kind of you to come to see me = you are kind to come to see me.

②有三個形容詞good, wrong, right 的邏輯主語既可以用of 又可以用for, 但表達(dá)的意義不同。

e.g. It is good for you to talk a walk after super. (good 為“對……有好處，益處”)

It is good of you to be always ready to help others. ( good 為“善心，好意)

⑵在句中作賓語：

① 只接不定式的動詞：agree, fail, arrange, decide, hope, expect, refuse, manage, promise, pretend, wish, afford, attempt, plan 等。

② 不定式可用在介詞but, except, besides, than之后做賓語。在but, except, besides 前有行為動詞do時，跟不帶to的動詞不定式；無行為動詞do時，帶to的不定式，但在than之后的不定式常無to。

e.g. I have no choice but/except to accept the fact.

Little Tom had nothing to do except wander about in the street.

What do you like to do besides swim.

They thought that there was no way out than climb the cliff.

他們認(rèn)為除爬懸崖之外無路可出。

③ 不定式在下列動詞后常作真正賓語：

make/find/feel/consider/think/believe +it +adj./n.+ to do sth.

⑶在句中作定語：

① 名詞受the last, the very, the only, 序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級修飾時， 一定用不定式做后置定語。 e.g. He is always the first person to come.

② 在名詞之后做定語表動作時，用不定式。這些名詞有：effort, failure, promise, desire, attempt 。

e.g. Please make an effort to arrive early.

They had little desire to get rich.

His failure to enter the college made him quite disappointed.

③ 不定式作定語用主動表被動的情況：

Ⅰ.不定式的邏輯主語是主句的主語和賓語，名詞與不定式之間又存在動賓關(guān)系，常用不定式的主動表被動。

e.g. I have a lot of work to do./ I’ll give you something to read.

Ⅱ.在某些形容詞之后的狀語，又與主語是動賓關(guān)系，用不定式的主動表被動。這些形容詞有：heavy, light, hard/difficult, easy, fit, convenient, comfortable, good, dangerous, safe.

e.g. The question is easy to answer.

The room is comfortable to live in.

Ⅲ. 在there be 句型中，不定式的主動和被動都可以，意義基本一致。

There is a lot of work to do/ to be done.

但：There is nothing to do. (譯為：沒事可做)

There is nothing to be done. (譯為：沒有辦法)

⑷不定式在句中作賓補的情況：

① 跟不定式作賓補的動詞：get, ask, tell, allow, permit, want, force, invite, persuade, advise, order, cause, encourage, forbid, wish, drive等。

② 不帶to 的動詞不定式作賓補的動詞：五看兩聽一感覺，外加三個使役詞。如：see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, feel, let, make, have。而help是可有可無to 的動詞。

二、 動名詞：

1、 在句中的作用：主語、表語、賓語、定語

2、 動名詞在句中擔(dān)當(dāng)各成分時的難點及重點：

⑴用動名詞作主語的句型：

It’s no good/ no use doing sth..

There is no doing…. (……是不行的，做……是不可能的)

It’s worthwhile doing sth. (做……是值得的)

e.g. There is no joking about their belief. 拿他們的信仰來開玩笑是不行的。

It’s worthwhile taking the trouble to explain a job fully to new employees.

給新雇員詳細(xì)解釋一下工作要求，費點事也是值得的。

⑵動名詞在句中作賓語：

① 作介詞的賓語

② 只接動名詞作賓語的動詞：enjoy, finish, mind, miss, suggest, advise, appreciate, avoid, imagine, admit, consider, delay, practise, forbid, deny, allow, permit, require, risk, excuse, prevent, complete, resist(抵抗)

③ 只接動名詞的短語動詞：give up, feel like, be worth, be/become/get used to, lead to, look forward to, object to, stick to, be fond of, pay attention to, be engaged in, put off, keep on, prevent/ keep/ stop…from, set about, can’t stand, get through(完成)等。

④ 在可省略的介詞in 之后做賓語：

have difficulty/ trouble/ problem/ fun/ pleasure (in) doing sth.

have a good time/ a hard time (in) doing sth.

spend/waste time/ money (in) doing sth.

be busy (in) doing sth.

There is no use/ no harm/ no hurry/ no point (in) doing sth.

There is no harm in staying up a little later.

⑶動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中的使用：

有時為了說明動名詞的動作是由誰來執(zhí)行的，通常用名詞的所有格或形容詞性的物主代詞來做動名詞的邏輯主語。在口語中，動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語也可以用賓格或普通格來做。 如：

Their coming to help us was a great encouragement.

The mother’s worry is her son’s going to bed too late.

Do you mind me opening the door?

但在以下幾種情況通常用普通格來做邏輯主語：

① 邏輯主語是無生命的名詞時，如：Is there any hope of your team winning the game?

② 邏輯主語是不定代詞，指示代詞時，如：

Last night he was waked by someone knocking at the door.

③ 邏輯主語是兩個或兩個以上的單位時：

I still remember you and your father coming to see me many years ago.

三、 分詞：

１、分詞在句中的作用：表語、定語、狀語、補語。

２、分詞在句中作表語

現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作表語，表示主語的性質(zhì)與特征，它相當(dāng)于一個形容詞的作用。過去分詞在句中作表語，表示主語所處的狀態(tài)或已完成動作的狀態(tài)。

e.g. The film is interesting / moving.

He is well educated.

75% of the surface of the earth is covered with water.

使役動詞所轉(zhuǎn)變而成的形容詞也常被認(rèn)為是分詞作表語�，F(xiàn)在分詞形式表某人或某物給別人的感覺；過去分詞形式表說話者的主觀感受。這些使役動詞常有：interest, surprise, frighten, excite, astonish, bore, tire, annoy, encourage, discourage, satisfy, disappoint, inspire, move, please, confuse, amuse, shock, worry, puzzle等。

3、分詞在句中作定語：

⑴ 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作前置定語，都表示動作的進(jìn)行及主動，現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語，相當(dāng)于一個主動的定語從句。如：

a sleeping boy / the changing world / the rising sun

The teacher talking with the students will give us a report.

Most of the assistants working in this shop are young people.

注意：有時單個的現(xiàn)在分詞也作后置定語，強調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行。

a cleaning woman ( 一位女清潔工)

a woman cleaning （一位正在打掃的婦女）

a dancing girl 一位舞女(永久性)

a girl dancing 一位正在跳舞的女孩 (暫時性)

⑵不及物動詞的過去分詞作前置定語，表示動作的完成；及物動詞的過去分詞作前置定語，既表動作完成，又表被動。如：

vi. a returned soldier/ retired teachers/ the risen sun/ a sunken ship

vt. the murdered man/ a finished article/ the stolen bike.

但只有及物動詞的過去分詞能在句中作后置定語，相當(dāng)于一個被動的定語從句。

He is the man loved by all.

Your letter dated March 10 has been received.

注意：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式和完成被動式不在句中作定語。

4、分詞在句中作賓補：

⑴現(xiàn)在分詞通常在句中做以下動詞的賓補，表主動及動作的正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù)。如：see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, feel, find, want, catch, smell及這些有“使……”的詞，send, leave, set, get, keep, have 等。

e.g. I could smell trouble / danger coming./ His words set me thinking.

He left me lying there alone. / The earthquake sent the glass flying everywhere.

I don’t want people coming in and out all day. ( want一般用于否定句中)

⑵過去分詞通常在句中做以下動詞的賓補，表被動。如：see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, look at, notice, feel, find, make, have, want, leave, get, wish等。

e.g. I want that letter typed by tomorrow.

I must get the work finished before Sunday.

Who left the door unlocked?

注意：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式和完成被動式及being done結(jié)構(gòu)不在句中作賓補。

5、分詞在句中作狀語：

⑴分詞在句中作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須與主句主語保持一致。如果不一致時，就必須分詞加上自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

The weather being fine, we decided to go for an outing.

`Winter coming, the mountain is covered by snow.

There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.

The telephone number given, we called him at once.

Everything considered, the plan is practical.

⑵現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作狀語，表主動；過去分詞表被動。being done 結(jié)構(gòu)通常不在句中作狀語。

⑶現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式在句中作狀語時，既表主動，又表先于主句謂語動作發(fā)生的動作或已完成動作；現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式作狀語，既表被動，又表先于主句謂語動作發(fā)生的動作。

⑷否定詞not要加于分詞之前。

e.g.. Having a written examination, I am forced to study hard.

The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.

Seen from a spaceship, the earth looks just like a big blue water ball.

Not having seen her for years, we could hardly recognize her.

Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry.

⑸分詞的獨立形式，即分詞作狀語，沒有邏輯主語，而是修飾整個句子。如：generally/ frankly/strictly/ honestly speaking, judging from/by, compared to/with.

e.g. Generally speaking, he is fit for the position.

Judging from his accent, he is from the south.

Compared with other companies, our staff turnover(人員流動率) is low.

四、 不定式、動名詞和分詞用法的比較：

1、 不定式與動名詞作主語的區(qū)別：

⑴不定式作主語常表示一次性具體行為，動名詞通常表示習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動作。

⑵主語用不定式，表語用不定式；主語用動名詞，表語用動名詞。

e.g. To do this work is very difficult./ Teaching English is my job.

To see is to believe. / Seeing is believing.（這兩個句子的主表位置不能交換）

2、 不定式與動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別：

⑴ like/ love/ continue/ begin/ start 后接to do 和 doing的區(qū)別不大，但在以下幾種情況時多用不定式（to do ）.

① would like / would love + to do sth.

② start/ begin 的主語為it 或物質(zhì)名詞時，用不定式。

e.g. It began to rain./ The ice began to melt.

③ start/ begin 本身為進(jìn)行時, 用不定式。

e.g.. I’m beginning to talk about it.

④ 當(dāng)start/ begin后接某些表感覺或心理活動的動詞時，用不定式。如：understand, see, realize, feel, find, know，believe等。

e.g. I began to understand the meaning which begins to be clear.

⑵有一些動詞接to do 與doing 有明顯的區(qū)別。

to do 要去做的事

forget/ remember 忘記/記住

doing 已做了的事

to do 遺憾未做的事 to do 設(shè)法去做，努力地去做

regret try

doing 后悔做了的事 doing 試著做

to do 打算去做 to do 學(xué)會做（已會做）

mean learn

doing工意味著 doing 學(xué)習(xí)做（不一定會）

to do 繼續(xù)做另一件事 to do 不能幫助去做

go on can’t help

doing 繼續(xù)做同一件事 doing禁不住，忍不住做

to do sth. 害怕而不敢做

be afraid

of doing sth. 擔(dān)心……，害怕做……

to do 停下來做另一事 to do 離開去做另一件事

stop leave off

doing 停止正在做的事 doing 停止正在做的事

to do

need/want/ deserve 需要/ 值得去做

require/ be worth +doing (主動表被動)

3、不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別：

⑴ 不定式與動名詞在句中作表語的異同。

不定式與動名詞作表語都是為了說明主語的內(nèi)容。它們作表語時，都能與主語換位，其邏輯意義不變。但不定式側(cè)重表示具體的動作或表未發(fā)生的動作，動名詞則表習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性動作�；卮� what的提問。

e.g. Our plan is to train the students’ speaking ability.

His wish is to become a famous teacher.

Its full-time job is laying eggs.

⑵現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表主語的性質(zhì)、特征。回答how 的問題；過去分詞表狀態(tài)或已完成動作的狀態(tài)。

e.g. The problem is puzzling./ The joke is amusing.

The sun is set in the west./ Her necklace was gone.

4、不定式、動名詞和分詞作定語的區(qū)別：

⑴動詞不定式常常放在名詞或不定代詞后面作后置定語，其邏輯主語往往是句子的主語，故動詞不定式作定語時往往用主動式；如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語不是句子的主語，該動詞不定式要用被動式。動詞不定式作定語往往表示尚未發(fā)生的動作。如果動作已發(fā)生或正在發(fā)生，一般用現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語。如果是動作已經(jīng)完成且又與名詞是被動關(guān)系時，就用過去分詞作后置定語。動名詞不作后置定語。例如：

e.g. Do you have anything to do tonight? 你今晚有什么事要做嗎?

I am going to Shanghai tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken there? 明天我要去上海。你有什么東西要捎去的嗎?

I have no pen to write with．我沒有鋼筆寫字。

Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting.

Have you read any short stories written by Luxun?

The professor being talked will come here tomorrow.

⑵動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語的區(qū)別：

動名詞作定語表示它所修飾名詞的目的、用途、性能或作用，二者無邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，但可以變成for引導(dǎo)的介詞短語；而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示它所修飾名詞的動作或狀態(tài)，二者是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如：

a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping

a sleeping car = a car for sleeping

a dancing girl = a girl who is dancing

a dancing hall = a hall for dancing

⑶既能用不定式又能用of +動名詞來修飾的名詞：

of + doing

way/pleasure/chance/power

to do

e.g I have no chance of speaking to him/ to speak to him.

5、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、和不定式作賓補的區(qū)別。

現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補：賓語和補語之間是主謂關(guān)系。其動作正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù)也可使動作具有描寫色彩。過去分詞作賓補：賓語和補語之間是被動的關(guān)系。不定式作賓補：　表一個已完成的動作的全過程或一次性動作也可表事實。

e.g: I saw him open the window. /I saw him opening the window. / I saw the window opened.

I heard the song sung in English. / I heard her sing the song in English.

We saw the sun rise./ We saw the sun rising behind the trees.

6、不定式與現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的區(qū)別：

⑴作原因狀語的區(qū)別：

不定式作原因狀語，常放在某些表示人的感情的動詞或形容詞之后，不能置于句首，也不能換成原因狀語從句。不定式所表示的動作一般發(fā)生在謂語動作之前�，F(xiàn)在分詞作原因相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句，常置于句首，常用表狀態(tài)的動詞，偶爾也表動作的動詞。如：

e.g. We laughed to see the new book.

We are proud to be young people of New China.

She look happy to hear the good news.

Being ill, he was unable to go to school.

Not knowing her address, we couldn′t find her.

Having seen the film before, I didn′t go to see it last week.

⑵作結(jié)果狀語的區(qū)別：

不定式作結(jié)果狀語，表意想不到的結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語，表自然而然的結(jié)果。

e.g. He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.

He arrived at the station to be told the train had gone.

Tom fell from a tree, breaking his arm.

They open the fire , killing one of our villages.

⑶不定式在句中作狀語，通常表目的、結(jié)果或原因；分詞作狀語可表時間、條件、伴隨、讓步、方式、結(jié)果、原因等。

五、 動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別：

這三種在形式上完全相同，都是be+ving的結(jié)構(gòu)，但在意義上是完全不同的。動名詞作表語都是為了說明主語的內(nèi)容，能與主語換位，其邏輯意義不變。現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表主語的性質(zhì)、特征。而進(jìn)行時態(tài)，則是強調(diào)主語的動作，且不能與主語換位。如：

e.g. His purpose is serving the people.= Serving the people is his purpose.

He is serving the people.

“The Internationale”（國際歌） is inspiring.

“The Internationale” is inspiring the workers of the whole world.

六、 過去分詞與被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別：

過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)或完成某動作的狀態(tài)。而被動語態(tài)表示主語所承受的動作。

e.g.. The window was broken by his brother. (被動語態(tài))

The window was broken. （系表關(guān)系）

He is well educated. （系表關(guān)系）

He has been educated in this college for three years. （被動語態(tài)）