一、定義：在復合句中相當于一個名詞，做主語、賓語、表語、同位語的從句。
二、引導詞：
1. 連詞: that , if, whether, as if
2. 連接代詞: who , what, which, whose, whom以及wh+ever
3. 連接副詞: when, where, why, because, how
三、引導詞的作用：
1. 連詞只有連接的功能，而不在從句中充當句子成分。
2. 連接代詞和連接副詞不但有連接的功能，同時還要在從句中充當特定的句子成分，主
語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語。
主 語 從 句
基本概念
1． 定義：在復合句中作句子主語的從句叫做主語從句。
2． 構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句
3． 引導主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：
連詞that、whether;
疑問代詞who, what, which;
疑問副詞when, where, how, why
⑴ 連詞that（無詞意）, whether(是否), 在從句中不充當句子成分，只起連接作用; whether
能引導主語從句，而if不能。
That you don’t like him has nothing to do with me.
Whether John will do this experiment remains a question.
⑵ 疑問代詞who, what, which, 在從句中既作連接詞又充當主語、賓語、表語、定語等。
Who will be sent abroad to further his studies is not announced.
What surprised me most was that such a little girl could play the violin so well.
Which school will win the prize is not known.
Whose dictionary has not been found is still unknown.
Whichever you take will be yours.
Whoever wants this book may take it.
Whatever was said here must be kept secret.
⑶ 疑問副詞when, where, how, why在從句中充當時間狀語、地點狀語、方式狀語、原
因狀語
When they will start hasn’t been decided yet.
Where the heroine went is not mentioned at the end of the story.
How he managed to finish the composition in such a short time is still a mystery.
Why he often comes here is known to us all.
難點
1． 主語從句能用it作形式上的主語，而把真正的主語放在后面。常以it作形式主語的
句型有：
A. It+be+形容詞(well-known, obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that從句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫無疑問她考試成績會很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告訴她了。
B. It+be+名詞詞組(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, common
Knowledge, a surprise, a fact, etc.)+that從句。如：
It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遺憾我們不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我們沒贏這場比賽真意外。
C. It+be+過去分詞(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged,
etc.)+that從句。如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 據(jù)說格林先生已經(jīng)到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
據(jù)報道中國又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。
It has been suggested that much should be done to prevent the river from being
polluted. 有人建議應做更多的工作阻止河流受到污染。
D. It appears / seems that…… （似乎……）
It happens that…… （碰巧……）
It occurred to me that…… （我突然想起……）
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不來參加晚會。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語從
句。如：
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否來這無關(guān)緊要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我們在哪里開會毫無區(qū)別。
F. 當that引導的主語從句出現(xiàn)在疑問句中時，要以it作形式主語，而把主語從句
后置。如：
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week?
下周那位科學家將給我們作報告是真的嗎？
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他們明天不來很要緊嗎？
G. 當主語從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時，要以it作形式主語，而把主語從句后置。如：
How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子們這么安靜真奇怪！
2． 注意連接代詞whoever, whatever, whichever等引導主語從句的含義
Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 來的人將受到歡迎。
Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正確的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who)
你們當中不論哪個進來將會得到獎勵。
表 語 從 句
基本概念
1． 定義：用作表語的從句叫做表語從句。
2． 構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句
3． 引導表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的種類：
(1) 從屬連詞that。如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。
(2) 從屬連詞whether, as, as if。如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起來還與十年前一樣。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 問題是他們是否能幫我們。
注：從屬連詞if一般不用來引導表語從句，但as if卻可引導表語從句，如：
All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it was only yesterday.
這都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一樣。
能跟表語從句的謂語動詞一般為系動詞be, seem, look等。如：
It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起來天要下雨了。
(3) 連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連接副詞 where, when, how, why。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。
The question is how he did it. 問題是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了閣樓干的。
難點
1． 連詞because可引導表語從句。如：
I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想這是因為你做得太多。
2． 引導表語從句的that不省略，that僅起連接作用，在從句中不充當任何成分，無任何
意義
The impression he makes on me is that he is a reliable person.
他給我的印象是他是一個可靠的人。
3． the reason后面的表語從句只能用that引導，我們學生易犯“the reason is because…”
的錯誤
The reason why the little actress has been such a success is that she is both clever and
hard-working.
4． 在表示命令order等，建議suggestion, advice等的名詞后的表語從句中，謂語動詞要
用虛擬語氣：should+動詞原形，should可省略
His suggestion is that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the problem.
5． whether可引導表語從句，表“是否”，它在從句中不充當成分，if不能引導表語從句。
賓 語 從 句
基本概念
1． 定義：用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。
2． 構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句
3． 引導賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：
(1) 從屬連詞that。如：
He told us that he felt ill. 他對我們說他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已經(jīng)回來了。
注： that在引導賓語從句時也并非任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下，that不能
省略。
① Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and連接兩個
賓語從句，that賓語從句放在and的后面時，that不能省略。)
大家都會看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
② I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引導的賓語從句作
介詞賓語時，that不能省略。) 對他我一無所知，只知道他是南方人。
③ That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. (that從句位于句首時，that
不可省略。) 我簡直不相信他曾說過這樣的話。
④ We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a
probationary period. (主句謂語動詞與that從句之間有插入語，that不可省略。)
鑒于他的特殊情況，我們決定應允他一段試用期。
(2) 從屬連詞if/whether。如：
I doubt whether he will succeed. 我懷疑他是否會成功。
I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否幫助我。
(3) 連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連接副詞 where, when, how, why。
Who or what he was, Martin never learned.
他是什么人？他是干什么的？馬丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要給我寫信說什么事。
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我會告訴你我為什么要你來。
You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
4． 介詞賓語從句
賓語從句也可用作介詞的賓語。如：
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他對那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。
I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要說什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。
有時介詞可以省略。如：
I don’t care (for) who marries him. 我不管誰跟他結(jié)婚。
Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做這件事的方式。
難點
1． 如果賓語從句后還有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，而將賓語從句后置。如：
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我們認為小王昨天沒來是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不會屈服。
2． 作介詞的賓語：連詞that引導的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語，只用在except, but, in
后。其他一些介詞的賓語從句如果由連詞that引導，則需用it作形式賓語。如：
He is a good student except that he is careless.
他是一個好學生，只是有點粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我會幫助你的。
介詞賓語不可以用which來引導，而要用what來引導。如：
Are you sorry for what you’ve done?
你為你所做的一切感到內(nèi)疚嗎？
3． 某些形容詞或過去分詞后常接賓語從句，這類形容詞或過去分詞有sure, glad, certain,
pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，連詞that可省略。如：
I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能確定我該做什么。
I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said. 恐怕你沒領(lǐng)會我說的意思。
I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前沒看到過。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
媽媽為她的女兒通過了考試而感到高興。
4． 連詞whether (…or not)或if引導的賓語從句
if和whether引導的賓語從句可以互換使用，但whether常和or not連用，if一般不
與or not連用。如：
I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
用if引導賓語從句如果會引起歧義，應避免使用if而用whether。試比較：
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if從句可理解為賓語從句，意為“請告訴我你是否想去”；此句又可理解為條件狀語從句，意為“如果你想去的話，請告訴我一聲”。
5． 賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等動詞后的賓語從句，有時謂
語盡管是否定意思，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健Ｈ纾?/p>
I don’t think you are right. 我認為你錯了。
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。
I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是嗎？
6． 賓語從句的時態(tài)變化規(guī)律：
(1) 當主句是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)時，從句可根據(jù)需要用任何時態(tài)。
(2) 當主句是一般過去時態(tài)時，從句只能使用過去范圍內(nèi)的任何時態(tài)。但客觀真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老師說地球繞著太陽運行。
同 位 語 從 句
基本概念
1． 定義：用作同位語的從句叫做同位語從句。
2． 用法：
① 同位語從句的先行詞多為fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用從屬連詞that。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
對你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪兒聽說我不能來？
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
德國已對俄國宣戰(zhàn)的消息一大早就傳來了。
注：同位語從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導。如：
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否來。
② 連接代詞who, which, what和連接副詞where, when, why, how亦可引導同位語從
句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
誰該干這項工作，這個問題需要考慮。
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪兒去度暑假，這個問題我們還沒有決定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一個他如何做了此事的問題。
難點
1． that引導的同位語從句與定語從句之區(qū)別：
We expressed the hope (that) they had expressed.
我們表達了他們曾經(jīng)表達過的那種希望。（定語從句）
We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.
我們表示希望他們再來中國訪問。（同位語從句）
① 從語法角度上看，引導同位語從句的that是連詞，只起連接作用，在從句中不作任何句子成分；而引導定語從句的that是關(guān)系代詞，除起連接作用外，還在從句中作主語或賓語等句子成分。
② 從語義角度上看，同位語從句與前面的名詞hope是同位關(guān)系，表示hope的內(nèi)容是they would come to visit China again。因而同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞作補充說明；而定語從句與它前面的名詞是所屬關(guān)系，表示“…的”（他們曾經(jīng)表示過的），起修飾作用，因此定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞。一般來說，我們可以將同位語從句改寫成“主語 + be + 表語”結(jié)構(gòu)。
The hope was that they would come to visit China again.
③ 同位語從句的連詞that不能省略，而定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that，當其在從句中作賓語中，可省略，作主語也不可省略。
I’ve heard the news that he visited our factory.
I’ve heard the news that he told you the other day.
The news that the plane would take off on time made everybody happy.
The news that is spreading around the airport is that a heavy storm is coming.
The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering.
The suggestion that they are considering is that students should learn something practical.
The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位語從句，that不可省。)
李先生將是我們的新英語老師這個消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定語從句，that在從句中作told的賓語，可省。)
他昨天告訴我的消息是真的。
2．引導定語從句的when, where, why是關(guān)系副詞， 在其前面分別有表示時間、地點、原因或方式意義的名詞作先先詞。
I will never forger the day when I joined the League.
我永遠不會忘記我入團的那一天。
The factory where I once worked has changed a lot.
我曾經(jīng)工作過的那家工廠發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
That’s the reason why she didn’t come to the meeting.
這就是她為什么沒有到會的原因。
當when, why, where引導同位語從句時，它們?yōu)檫B接副詞。雖然它們在從句中充當句子成分，但前面卻沒有與其意義相當?shù)南刃性~。
I have no idea when he will be back. 我不知道他什么時候回來。
The problem where we got the machine needed has already been solved.
我們到哪里去弄所需機器的問題已經(jīng)解決了。
He has solved the question why he was ill. 他已經(jīng)解決了他為什么生病這個問題。
3． 一些表示“建議、命令、要求”的名詞后所跟的同位語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣should+動詞原形表示。should可省。如：
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.
這就是我們唯一的請求：盡快解決這個問題。
高考題實錄
1. Can you make sure ______ the gold ring? ( NMET1990)
A. where Alice had put B. where had Alice put
C. where has Alice put D. where Alice has put
2. No one will be sure ______ in a million years. (NMET1991)
A. what will man look like B. what man will look like
C. man will look like what D. what look will man like
3. Go and get your coat . It’s ______ you left it (NMET1992)
A. there B. where C. there where D. where there
4. It worried her a bit ______ her hair was turning grey (NMET1992)
A. while B. if C. that D. for
5. ____ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet．
A．Whenever B．If C．Whether D．That
6. ____he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. (NMET 1993)
A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter
7. --- Do you remember ____ he came?
---Yes, I do, he came by car (NMET 1994)
A. how B. when C. that D. if
8. _____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET1995)
A. There B. This C. That D. It
9. _____we can’t get seems better than _____we have (NMET1996)
A. What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what
10. ______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. (NMET1996)
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
11. It’s generally considered unwise to give a child _____ he or she wants. (NMET1997)
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
12. Bob is no longer____ he used to be. (NMET1998)
A. that B. which C. who D. what
13. ---I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---Is that _____ you had a few days off？ (NMET1999)
A. why B. when C. what D. where
14. ______ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising． (上海1999)
A．Who B．The one C．Anyone D．Whoever
參 考 答 案
1─5 DBBCC 6─10 A ADAB 11─14 BDAD