（江蘇省石莊高級(jí)中學(xué)：秦建華課堂教學(xué)用）
Unit 1That must be a record
▲argument
settle an argument about sth解決關(guān)于……的爭(zhēng)論/爭(zhēng)端
start/put forward an argument for against就贊成/反對(duì)……展開(kāi)辯論
argue v.
argue with sb about /over sth
Do what you are told to and don’t argue with me.
argue for/against為（支持）……辯護(hù)/反駁
argue a matter out把某事辯個(gè)水落石出
argue sb into/out of doing sth=advise sb(not)to do sth
▲conclude vt.推斷（推論）出（后跟that-從句）締結(jié)，議定；vi.come to an end結(jié)束，終止
The talks were expected to conclude on Sunday.會(huì)談?lì)A(yù)計(jì)星期天結(jié)束。
What do you conclude from the facts?從這些事實(shí)中你得出了什么結(jié)論？
Transactions were concluded on a wide variety of light industrial goods.
多種多樣的輕工業(yè)產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)成交。
conclusion n.
come to/draw/reach/arrive at a conclusion得出結(jié)論(from the facts)
jump to conclusion匆忙地/草率地下結(jié)論
bring sth to conclusion使……結(jié)束
in conclusion總之、總而言之、最后
▲popular
There was a time when this song was very popular. 曾經(jīng)一度時(shí)間這首歌很流行。
She is very popular with her students.
He told him to listen to young people’s music and to watch the most popular television shows
---This reference book is no more popular with the students than that one.
---You mean they are both little thought of ?
There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars that road conditions need to be improved.
And the growing popularity51 of shopping centres led 52 in turn to the building of bigger and better stocked stores.
這些購(gòu)物中心越來(lái)越大的名氣反過(guò)來(lái)導(dǎo)致了更大，設(shè)備更好的商店的建成。
name姓名；fame卓越，好名聲；popularity名氣很大，知名度很高
▲hire
hire/employ sb=take on sb.→fire/dismiss sb=give sb.the snack
hire 日常用語(yǔ)，指按工作量計(jì)酬來(lái)雇傭人手employ指商店或公司長(zhǎng)期雇傭人手
rent一般指租住/借房屋，地產(chǎn)租借等
He fired these four workers and he hired ten more workers,because he thinks the four workers are not fit for thei posts.
hire out a bike(to sb)租出
rent a farm/house from an owner
▲fade vt.（使）褪色，（使）凋落；vi.逐漸消失，變微弱，變暗淡
The strong sunlight had faded the curtains.強(qiáng)烈的陽(yáng)光使窗簾變色。
All memory of his childhood faded from his mind.
他所有的童年記憶逐漸從腦海中消失了。
fade next to遜色于
Successful as he is,he fades next to his brother.
盡管他很成功，但和他兄弟相比還是稍顯遜色。
▲diagnose診斷
He was diagnosed with cancer.他被診斷患了癌癥。
The book diagnoses our present economic ills.這本書切中了我們現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)的時(shí)弊。
▲curiosity
Curiosity is part of child’s nature好奇是兒童的天性.
Part of the reason for our interest is probably the same curiosity that led Sir Hugh to
write the Guinness Book of World Records……(p.4)
a curiosity shop古玩店
curious感興趣的，好奇，奇怪
I’m curious to know what she said.我非常想知道她說(shuō)了什么
She’s always so curious about my work.她總愛(ài)打聽(tīng)我的工作。
It’s curious that he didn’t tell you.他沒(méi)有告訴你實(shí)在反常。
▲contact
contact sb和……聯(lián)系
be in/out of contact with和……保持/失去聯(lián)系
get in touch with/keep in touch with
make contact with the ship by radio用無(wú)線電與船聯(lián)系
keep track of/lose track of與……保持聯(lián)系/失去聯(lián)系
keep track of還有：記錄，掌握……的線索，了解……的動(dòng)態(tài)，看清，聽(tīng)清等意思
He could not escape because the police kept track of him.
他逃不了的，警察在注意他的行動(dòng)
To a scientist,the most important thing is knowing he does not lose track of what he is
doing.對(duì)于一個(gè)科學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)，最重要的是他清楚自己在做什么。
Please keep track of every cent you spend.請(qǐng)記錄你花掉的每一份錢。
keep an eye on照看；keep faith with對(duì)……守信用；keep in mind記住，放在心上
▲account n.賬戶；解釋，說(shuō)明；vi.說(shuō)明……的原因
I bought the bike on account.我賒賬買了這輛自行車。
We could not go on account of the rain.因?yàn)橄掠晡覀儾荒苋ァ?/p>
On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals.
不論什么原因游客都不允許用東西喂動(dòng)物。
It is a matter of great account.這是一件重要的事情。
We must take local conditions into account.我們必須把當(dāng)?shù)氐臈l件考慮進(jìn)去。
We must take account of the interests of the State.我們必須考慮到國(guó)家的利益。
No one could account for the disappearance of the money.
誰(shuí)也說(shuō)不清楚這些錢丟失的原因。
Smokers account for 20 percent of the whole population in the world.
煙民占世界總?cè)丝诘?0%。
▲attempt
attempt to do sth=make an attempt to do sth = make an attempt at doing sth =try to do sth
make an attempt on/upon試圖奪取
▲inspect檢查，視察/檢閱
The customs officer inspected my passport.海關(guān)官員檢查了我的護(hù)照。
inspect sb/sb’s head for lice檢查某人頭部有無(wú)頭虱
The visiting president inspected the troops.來(lái)訪總統(tǒng)檢閱了部隊(duì)。
examine/investigate/look into
▲confirm vt.證實(shí)，確定；確認(rèn)，批準(zhǔn)
What you say confirms my opinion.你的話證實(shí)了我的看法。
The King confirmed me in my possession of the land.國(guó)王批準(zhǔn)我擁有這片土地。
▲set down 放下；寫下，記下；規(guī)定
Set down your heavy bags and have a rest.
放下你的重包休息一下。
The bus driver set the passengers down here.
公共汽車司機(jī)讓旅客在此下車。
I will set down the story as it was told to me.
我將按告訴我的把這個(gè)故事記下來(lái)。
The price limits were set down by the government.
價(jià)格限度由政府規(guī)定。
set about sth/doing sth開(kāi)始做/著手做；set aside拔出，把……置于一旁；
set back退步，挫折，阻礙，妨礙，使……倒退；set off出發(fā)，啟程，引爆，燃放；
set out出發(fā)，，著手/開(kāi)始(to do)，栽（幼苗）；set up建立，開(kāi)辦
▲stand out杰出、突出，顯眼、醒目，堅(jiān)持、不屈服
The road sign is easy to read because the words stand out.
路標(biāo)容易認(rèn)，因?yàn)樯厦娴淖趾苄涯俊?/p>
The students agreed that they must stand out against the decision to cut down the trees.
學(xué)生門一致同意堅(jiān)決反對(duì)砍伐樹木的決定。
stand by在場(chǎng)、支持,stand down退出（競(jìng)選）、（士兵）撤下崗,
stand for代表、表示、主張,stand up站起、經(jīng)久、耐用
▲achieve one’s goal實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)
I’ll try to achieve my goal of becoming a scientist.實(shí)現(xiàn)做科學(xué)家的目標(biāo)
▲in the first place首先、原本、第一
In the first place ,you must think over this plan.首先你必須考慮這個(gè)計(jì)劃。
▲in a row
Please stand in a row.請(qǐng)站成一排。
This is the third Sunday in a row that it’s rained.這是接連著的第三個(gè)星期天下雨了。
▲apply for
About 100 people have applied for the position.大約有100人申請(qǐng)了這一職務(wù)。
其它詞組
1.一本暢銷書 答案：a best-seller 2.從那以來(lái) 答案：ever since
3.被分類 答案：be put into categories 4.面積達(dá)…… 答案：with an area of
5.導(dǎo)致 答案：lead to 6..創(chuàng)一項(xiàng)新紀(jì)錄 答案：set a new record
▲burst vi. 爆裂，突然發(fā)作
It was so cold yesterday that my water-pipes froze and burst.
昨天太冷了，我家的水管都凍裂了。
A rat burst into my room last night.昨天一只耗子竄進(jìn)了我的房間。
He put too much air into the balloon and it burst.他往氣球中充得氣太多，結(jié)果爆了。
The funny story made the children burst their sides with laughter.
這個(gè)有趣的故事使孩子們捧腹大笑。
On hearing the sad news,she burst into tears.一聽(tīng)到那個(gè)悲慘的消息，她就大哭起來(lái)。
相關(guān)短語(yǔ)：burst into tears/laughter突然大哭/大笑； burst into song 突然唱起歌來(lái)；burst into angry speech大發(fā)雷霆； burst into bloom開(kāi)花； burst into view/sight景象/奇觀突然出現(xiàn)； burst into the room突然闖入房間； burst out/forth laughing/crying大笑/哭
▲head down to the park （補(bǔ)充）
head for=move toward:He headed straight for the bar.他徑直朝酒吧走去。
head sb/sth off:get in front of sb/sth so as to turn him/it back or aside攔阻
head off a flock of sheep:prevent them from going in the wrong way攔住
▲familiar adj.熟悉的，通曉的，隨便的，非正式的
French was as familiar to him as English.他通曉法語(yǔ)就像通曉英語(yǔ)一樣。
I’m very familiar with your name.我很熟悉你的名字。
sth./sb.be familiar to sb.某物/某人為某人所熟悉；
sb.be familiar with sth./sb.某人熟悉某人/某物
分析課文中的句子（補(bǔ)充）:The X Games are like Olypic Games for sports that are less familiar to us than sports like fottball and basketball.極限游戲比賽就像奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)上有些不如足球和籃球那樣為我們所熟悉的比賽項(xiàng)目一樣。
▲delight vt. （使）高興，（使）欣喜；n. 快樂(lè)，高興
The circus delighted the children.馬戲團(tuán)使孩子們欣喜。
I have read your letter with delight.我高興地讀了你的信。
He takes great delight in teaching his students.他以教他的學(xué)生為樂(lè)。
Your visit last week delighted us.上星期你的來(lái)訪使我們很高興。
The news delighted the whole nation.這個(gè)消息使全國(guó)一片沸騰。
I delighted to read novels.我高興地讀小說(shuō)。
The old man delighted in doing little things for others.那位老人高興為別人做些小事。
To his great delight,his novel was accepted for publication.使他高興的是，他的小說(shuō)得到了公眾的認(rèn)可。
delighted adj.高興的，快樂(lè)的
相關(guān)短語(yǔ)：be delighted at 因……而高興；be delighted by/with sth.(sb.)喜歡某物（人）；
be delighted to do因做……而高興； be delighted that...很高興……
▲center on將某人（某物）當(dāng)作中心或重點(diǎn)
concentrate on專心致志于
類似短語(yǔ)：
attend on侍候……，看護(hù)……，照料； call on訪問(wèn)(某人)，號(hào)召(to do)；
count on依靠……，期待……(sb.to do)；depend on取決于……，依靠……，依……而定；
feed on 以……為食，用……喂養(yǎng)；fix one’s eyes on 盯住……，凝視……；
go on繼續(xù)，上臺(tái)演出(the stage)， keep on(doing) 堅(jiān)持……；
live on靠……生活，以……為食； look on看待(sb.as...)，觀察……，面朝……；
wait on 服侍……，招待……
The patient has three nurses attending on him.那位病人有三位護(hù)士看護(hù)他。
I tried to concentrate my attention on my chemical research.我試圖專心于化學(xué)研究。
She centered her attention on the problem.她把注意力集中在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上。
Unit 2 Crossing limits
▲take possession of占領(lǐng)，占有/get possession of拿到，得到
The capitalist is in possession of a large fortune.那個(gè)資本家擁有大宗財(cái)產(chǎn)。
A large fortune is in the possession of the capitalist. 大宗財(cái)產(chǎn)掌握在那個(gè)資本家手中。
▲in the name of以……的名義，代表
I arrest you in the name of the law.我以法律的名義逮捕你。
The prime minister spoke in the name of the King.部長(zhǎng)代表國(guó)王講話。
I opened an account in the bank in your name.我以你的名義在銀行開(kāi)了一個(gè)賬號(hào)。
He escaped under the name of Tom.他化名為Tom逃跑了
name構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)：
by name用（靠、按）名字，名叫；by the name of名叫……；name after以……命名
▲masses of/a mass of+countable noun(pl form)/+uncountable noun
in the mass總體上，總的說(shuō)來(lái)/the mass of大多數(shù)的/mass education群眾教育/a mass meeting群眾會(huì)議
The young dancers worked so hard so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took masses of pictures of them.（許多）
▲be rich in/be poor in
Oranges are rich in Vitamin C含有豐富的維生素
a TV play rich in humour 富有幽默的電視劇
▲do research on a state key project就國(guó)家重點(diǎn)工程進(jìn)行研究
▲lose the lives of many people/risk their lives
▲alternative
Have you got an alternative=another suggestion?你有沒(méi)有其它建議？
Caught in the act,he had no alternative/choice but to confess/did nothing but confess.
他被當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓獲，除了招供別無(wú)選擇。
▲available
This was the only available room.這是唯一可以利用的房間。
You will be informed when the book becomes available.這本書有貨時(shí)就通知你。
Tickets are available at the box office.票房有票。
▲equip…with
You’d better equip your bike with a head light.你最好在自行車裝個(gè)前燈。
They have equipped the army with modern weapons. 他們已經(jīng)為部隊(duì)裝備了現(xiàn)代化的武器。
The army has been equipped with modern weapons. （被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）
▲accurate adj.精確的，準(zhǔn)確的，正確無(wú)誤的
His information was accurate.他的信息很準(zhǔn)確。
accurate強(qiáng)調(diào)“精確無(wú)誤”。an accurate calculation精確的計(jì)算
correct按一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)沒(méi)有差錯(cuò)。a correct answer正確的答案
right很多情況下可與correct互換，但常有道德上認(rèn)可的含義.the right course of action正確的行動(dòng)方針
▲search for
他們正在村里搜查那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜。
They are searching for the robber in the village.
They are searching the village for the robber.
Cf:The policeman is searching the robber.
▲have contacts with/contact to有接觸/聯(lián)系
▲find one’s way
feel one’s way摸索著走/fight one’s way奮勇前進(jìn)/force one’s way擠著向前走/wind one’s way曲折前進(jìn)/make one’s way去……途中/lose one’s way迷路
▲in exchange for交換，互換
He gave me an apple in exchange for a cake.他給我一個(gè)蘋果，換一塊蛋糕。
They were given food and shelter in exchange for work.他們用勞動(dòng)換取食物和棲身之處。
▲take sb prisoner逮捕/capture sb 俘獲，捉拿
put sb in prison,take sb to prison,send sb to prison把……關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄/throw sb into prison把……投進(jìn)監(jiān)獄
▲wander through Arabic countries穿過(guò)許多阿拉伯國(guó)家
The children wandered around the town with nothing to do.那些孩子無(wú)所事事，在街上閑逛。
The boy wandered the neighbourhood,looking for the dog.那孩子走遍了鄰里街坊，找他那條狗。
▲reach out to sp./reach sp./come to sp.arrive at(in) sp.
▲date from/back to
The castle dates back to/dates from the 14th century.這座城堡建于14世紀(jì)。
▲ripe
By the beginning of the 15th century the time was ripe for a grand meeting.到15世紀(jì)初大型聚會(huì)的時(shí)機(jī)成熟了。
Was the peach ripe or green?那桃子是熟的還是生的？
▲prosper under a new dynasty在新的朝代下繁榮昌盛(prosperity)
The business is prospering.生意興隆。
He wished the young couple a life of happiness and prosperity.他祝這對(duì)新人生活幸福，萬(wàn)事如意。
▲renew relations with恢復(fù)同…..的關(guān)系
▲excite one’s curiosity激起……的好奇心
▲send a message to sb向……發(fā)出邀請(qǐng)/信息
▲response非洲統(tǒng)治者的反應(yīng)非�？犊甌he response of African rulers are very generous.
▲challenge/at home
明朝朝廷認(rèn)識(shí)到最大的挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇是在國(guó)內(nèi)。
Ming court belied that its greatest challenges and opportunities were at home.
國(guó)內(nèi)外 at home and abroad
▲.various adj. 各種各樣的，不同的
He analysed the various factors.他分析了各種不同因素。
Of all the various ways of cooking an egg,I like boiling best.
在所有做雞蛋的各種方法中，我最喜歡煮的方法。
various,varied都可作“各種各樣的”解，大部分情況下可通用，但varied可表示“正在變化之中的”，a varied life。
▲.suggest vt.
（1）提議，建議。后跟動(dòng)名詞、that從句（從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should do,should可省略）
suggest sth.to sb.
He suggested the idea to me.他向我提出那種想法。
I suggest going there at once.我建議立刻去那里。
The teacher suggested that we do our homework now.老師建議我們現(xiàn)在就做作業(yè)。
（2）使人想起，暗示
His pale face suggests that he is ill.他的蒼白的臉色表明他病了。
▲.accomplish vt.達(dá)到（目的），完成（任務(wù)），實(shí)現(xiàn)（計(jì)劃）
This task is accomplished by great effort.完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)花了很大力氣。
He accomplished a great deal during his first year.第一年他就取得了很多成績(jī)。
It is the workers who will accomplish this task.就是工人們將完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
accomplish指做到底，實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)計(jì)劃，如：to accomplish a trip完成一次旅行
finish指完成日常的事，如：He finished the homework.他完成了作業(yè)。
complete指加上缺少的部分，如：to complete the sentence把句子補(bǔ)充完整
▲.apart from 除……外
He works until nine o’clock every evening,and that’s quite apart from the work he does over the weekend.
他每天晚上工作到9點(diǎn),這還不算他周末加班。
Apart from the salary,it’s not a bad job.除工資（偏低）外，這工作不錯(cuò)。
Apart from you and me,I don’t think there was anyone there under thirty.除你我之外，我認(rèn)為沒(méi)有人在30歲以下。
There can be no knowledge apart from practice.不可能有脫離實(shí)踐的知識(shí)。
歸納拓展：apart from，in addition（to），besides ，as well（as），except for，except，but
（1）apart from這個(gè)復(fù)合介詞兼有“除外”和“包括”的雙重意義。
（2）以下短語(yǔ)或單詞意義相近，均表示“除……之外還有……”這一“附加”意義。
in addition（to） besides，as well （as）
（3）以下短語(yǔ)或單詞均表示“除……之外沒(méi)有……”這一“排除”意義。except for except but
▲.arise vi.出現(xiàn)，發(fā)生；由……引起，由……發(fā)生
A difficulty arose right here.困難就在這里。
How did the quarrel arise?這次爭(zhēng)吵是怎么引起的？
Originally,organic compounds were thought to arise from life processes.最初有機(jī)化合物是由生命過(guò)程產(chǎn)生的。
rise vi.升起，上漲；raise vt.舉起，提高，提升，提出；飼養(yǎng)（羊、雞等），撫養(yǎng)（子女等），招募（軍隊(duì)等），募捐（錢等）。
▲.bring up教育；養(yǎng)育;提出；引出;嘔吐；to bring up the question提出問(wèn)題
She was brought up by her grandparents.她是由爺爺奶奶帶大的。
He brought up all the food he had eaten.他把吃下的食物都嘔吐出來(lái)了。
歸納拓展：bring in獲利；賺;bring about帶來(lái),引起;bring down使……降低
The boys bring in ￡60 a week.這些男孩子每周賺60鎊。
How much did the sideline bring the farmer family in last year?去年副業(yè)使這家農(nóng)戶增加了多少收入?
The Internet has brought about big changes in the way we work.因特網(wǎng)使我們的工作方式發(fā)生了很大變化。
We’d better wait till they bring down their prices.我們最好等他們降價(jià)。
▲.run out of 用光，用盡
We are running out of water.我們的水要用盡了。
We ran out of petrol yesterday.昨天我們用光了汽油。
比較：All our supply of food has run out.我們所有的食品供應(yīng)都用光了。
We decided we had better go home,before our money ran out.我們決定最好在錢用光之前回家。
表示“用光、用盡”的還有：use up,give out
All those I had are used up.我所有的都用光了。
They have used up their money.他們用光了錢。
The fuel gave out.燃料用光了。
You can’t have a hot bath-the water will give out.你不能洗熱水澡了。要沒(méi)水了。
從以上例子可看出，雖然這些詞組都表示“用光、用完”，但use up,run out of 為及物動(dòng)詞，而run out,give out為不及物動(dòng)詞。
歸納拓展:run into遇上，偶然遇到;陷于，碰上（困境、麻煩等）
I ran into Emma on my way home.我在回家的路上碰到了Emma。
If you run into difficulties,try to overcome them.如遇困難，要努力去克服。
Unit 3 The Land Down Under
1. Modern Australia is made up of six states and two territories現(xiàn)代澳大利亞是由六個(gè)州兩大區(qū)組成的
be made up of =consists of 由……組成
The Grade Three in our school is made up of 17 classes.我們學(xué)校高三年級(jí)是由17個(gè)班級(jí)組成的。
17 classes make up the Grade Three in our school.
The solar system is made up of a star and nine plants. 太陽(yáng)系是由一個(gè)恒星和九個(gè)行星組成的。
make up 和解,和好; 虛構(gòu),編造; 化妝; 補(bǔ)償,彌補(bǔ); 湊錢
It is very hard to make up the quarrel between the couple.很難調(diào)解這對(duì)夫婦之間的爭(zhēng)吵。
Don’t make up any excuse to cheat me.不要找任何借口來(lái)欺騙我。
I find no time to make myself up every day.梳妝打扮
Because you were ill, you will have to make up the final exam.補(bǔ)期末考試
Hard work can make up for a lack of intelligence/the lost time. 彌補(bǔ)智力上的缺乏/損失的時(shí)間(用其他方式)
Have you made up the money for your class? 湊錢
2. Australia is surrounded by many oceans.澳大利亞周邊有兩大洋
surround 包圍 surround sb./ sth. with sth
They have surrounded the town with troops.他們出動(dòng)軍隊(duì)包圍了該城。
surround 常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中 “被……包圍
The house is surrounded by/with high walls.房子周圍有高高的圍墻。
When he came back ,he found himself surrounded by his family and friends.當(dāng)他蘇醒后，發(fā)現(xiàn)他周圍站著他的家人和朋友。
surroundings (周邊環(huán)境) environment (與人類相對(duì)的環(huán)境)
3. but the capital of Australia is Canberra,a city located between Sydeny and Melbourne
……但是澳大利亞首都卻在堪培拉，一座位于悉尼和墨爾本之間的城市
located=lying=standing
4.Six of the points represent the states and the seventh stands for all the territories.六個(gè)角代表六個(gè)州，第七個(gè)角代表區(qū)。
represent 代表,象征; 表現(xiàn); 描繪,塑造; 聲稱
In a love song ,people will tell his lover that the moon represents his heart.月亮象征他的心
I’d like to thank you representing my whole family.我代表我的全家謝謝您。
=I’d like to thank you on behalf of my whole family.
The girl representing all the new students gave us a speech on the school opening ceremony.
那個(gè)女孩代表所有新生在開(kāi)學(xué)典禮上講了話。
He represented himself as a wealthy man, but in fact he was as poor as a church mouse.聲稱自己是個(gè)健康的人而其實(shí)
representative n.代表 adj.典型的, 有代表性的
stand for 象征,代表; 支持; (多指代字母、符號(hào)等的替代作用)
What does WTO stand for? WTO代表什么？ It stands for World Trade Organization
Before we elect him, we want to know what he stands for.
5.These peoples came to the continent at least fifity thousand years ago and created complex societies.
這些來(lái)自不同民族的人至少在五萬(wàn)年之前就來(lái)到這塊大陸，而且創(chuàng)建了復(fù)雜的社會(huì)群體。
people 的含義
相當(dāng)于persons (一個(gè)以上的人) There are many people in the room
指persons in general 人們。What will people think of this?人們將如何看待這件事？
指all the ordinary members of a state 人民（與the連用）serve the people heart and soul
指those persons who live in a particular place or have a particular nationality 某一地的居民或具有某一國(guó)籍的人民。the people of London 倫敦居民，the British people 英國(guó)人民
指nation (民族)，race （人種），tribe (部落)等，此時(shí)people為單數(shù)，其復(fù)數(shù)形式為peoples
the peoples of the world 世界各民族；Europe is made up of many peoples.
典型例題：The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people.中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的人民。
6.live in a similar way to their ancestors……過(guò)著與他們祖先相似的生活
A be similar to B 。。。和。。。相類似
My new dress/bike is similar to the one you have. 我的新衣服和你的那件相似。
8.while others live in cities,towns and the country in the same way as their fellow Australians……而另外一些人像其他澳大利亞同胞一樣住在城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村。
▲fellow n.（常用復(fù)數(shù)，用以構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞）同伴；同志
school fellows同學(xué) bed fellows同床者
Her fellows share her interest in computers.她的同伴跟她一樣對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)感興趣。
adj.同伴的；同類的；同事的
fellow creatures 同類動(dòng)物 fellow countryman 同胞 fellow traveler旅伴；同路人
口語(yǔ)中有時(shí)指“男人；小伙子”
Poor fellow!可憐的小伙子！
▲while
引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示的時(shí)間只能是一段時(shí)間，而when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句表示的時(shí)間可以是時(shí)間點(diǎn)，也可以是時(shí)間段。
They arrived while we were having dinner.他們來(lái)的時(shí)候我們正在吃飯。
表示對(duì)比，意為“而，但是”。
He is a worker while I am a doctor.他是工人而我是醫(yī)生。
表示“盡管，雖然”，多放于句首。
While I understand what you say,I can’t agree with you.盡管我能理解你所說(shuō)的，但卻無(wú)法贊同。
表示“只要”。
There will be life while there is water and air.只要有水和空氣，就會(huì)有生命。
9.In 1770,Captain Cook claimed the east coast of the continent for the British Crown.1770年庫(kù)克船長(zhǎng)生稱這個(gè)大陸的東海岸屬于大不列顛王國(guó)。
claim vt. & n. n.(根據(jù)權(quán)利提出)要求, 要求權(quán), 主張, 要求而得到的東西，vt.(根據(jù)權(quán)利)要求, 認(rèn)領(lǐng), 聲稱, 主張, 需要，索賠
You can claim your money back if the goods are damaged.貨物有損壞，可以要求退錢。
Did you claim on the insurance after your car accident?汽車出了事故后你向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠了嗎？
I claimed the coat that the teacher found. 我認(rèn)領(lǐng)了老師找到的外套。
Has anyone claimed the watch? 有人認(rèn)領(lǐng)這塊手表嗎？
He claimed that he hadn't done it, but I didn't believe him. 他聲稱沒(méi)有做這件事，可是我不相信他。
He claimed that he had done the work without help.他聲稱沒(méi)有得到幫助而完成了這項(xiàng)工作。
Don’t claim to know what you don’t know.不要不懂裝懂。
Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea.漁夫和水手有時(shí)聲稱看到過(guò)海里的妖怪。
10. Later, when the American War of Independence made it impossible for England to send prisoners to North America, Australia was chosen a new place where prisoners and criminals were sent.后來(lái)，美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使得英國(guó)不能向北美輸送囚犯，于是澳大利亞被選為一個(gè)新的囚犯和罪犯的流放地。
11.The British Governor landed on January 26,today as Australia Day. 英國(guó)總督于1月26日登陸，這一天就是現(xiàn)在的澳大利亞日。
The Constitution governing six states stated that men were free and equal, explained their basic civil rights and described the new government.當(dāng)時(shí)統(tǒng)治六個(gè)州的憲法表明人是自由平等的。它還說(shuō)明了人民的基本權(quán)利，也描述了當(dāng)時(shí)的新政府。
統(tǒng)治；控制，治理
In Britain elected representatives of the people govern the country.
在英國(guó)治理國(guó)家的是民選的代表。
支配某事物；決定
Self-interest governs all his actions.
他的所作所為皆取決于一己之利。
n.government 統(tǒng)治；控制；支配
州長(zhǎng)；省長(zhǎng)；總督someone who rules a state or province
12.The newcomers changed the way land was managed and introduced new plants and animals that were harmful to the Aistralian ecosytems. 新來(lái)的這批人改變了這里的土地管理方式。引進(jìn)了新的植物和動(dòng)物，這些動(dòng)植物破壞了澳大利亞的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)
be harmful to/do harm to/harm sb.or sth
13. As a consequence,the original Australians suffered. 結(jié)果原來(lái)的澳大利亞人吃盡了苦頭。
as a consequence 結(jié)果，后果
as a consequence= in consequence/as a result
After graduation, he became quite lazy. As a consequence, he lost what he owned.
畢業(yè)后，他變得懶惰起來(lái)，結(jié)果失去了自己所有的一切。
in consequence of =as a result of/because of/due to/owing to
In consequence of his rudeness, he was fired by his boss.由于他的粗魯，他被老板開(kāi)除了。
14.Many Aborigines and Islanders were moved had their land taken away from them許多土著居民和島民被遷走了，他們的土地被剝奪了。
have+賓語(yǔ)+done過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)
15.In the early twentieth century,Australia resembled the USA of the eighteenth century在20世紀(jì)初期，澳大利亞就像18世紀(jì)的美國(guó)一樣。
resemble vt.（不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)）
resemble sb./sth.（in sth.） 與（他人或他物）相似；像……
She resembles her brother in looks.她和她弟弟長(zhǎng)得很像。
He strongly resembles his father in appearance.他非常像他的父親。
n resemblance（between A and B）相似；相像
There is a degree of resemblance between the two boys.這兩個(gè)男孩有某些相似之處。
16.The First World War had a strong influence on Australia.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)對(duì)澳大利亞有強(qiáng)烈的影響。
have an influence on/upon 對(duì)…有影響
have an influence on/upon=have an effect on/upon influence sb./sth.=affect sb./sth.
I don’t think this kind of system will have a great influence on our school.我認(rèn)為這種體制不會(huì)對(duì)我們學(xué)校產(chǎn)生很大影響。
SARS has a strong influence on human.對(duì)人類影響很大。
17.After the war,the country experienced social and economic unrest and suffered from the Great Depression of the 1930s.
戰(zhàn)后國(guó)家經(jīng)歷了社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的動(dòng)蕩，遭受了30年代大蕭條的苦難。
vt.受到，遭受，蒙受，后接pain,defeat,loss,poverty,hunger等名詞。
His leg was broken and he suffered great pain.
他的腿斷了，遭受了巨大痛苦的折磨。
常用于短語(yǔ)suffer from...，意為“受……的折磨，患某種疾病，有某種缺陷”。
In the old days,peasants suffered a great deal from cold and hunger.
在舊社會(huì)，農(nóng)民們饑寒交迫。
18. Australia began to transform itself into the modern country it is today.
澳大利亞開(kāi)始把自己轉(zhuǎn)變成今天這樣的現(xiàn)代化國(guó)家。
A fresh coat of paint can transform a room.
房間重新粉刷一遍可大為改觀。
A generator generator (發(fā)電機(jī))transforms mechanical energy into electricity. (把機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)變成電能)
A steam engineer transforms heat into power.蒸汽機(jī)把熱轉(zhuǎn)化成動(dòng)力。
adj.transformable 可改變外觀或性質(zhì)的
n.transformation（外觀或性質(zhì)的）改變，改觀；轉(zhuǎn)變
His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marriage.
他結(jié)婚之后性格判若兩人。
19.The economy grew and Australia benefited from the immigration.經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)了，澳大利亞人從移民中受益。
benefit n.
He has had the benefit of a first-class education.他受益于第一流的教育。
The new factory will be a great benefit to the town.這個(gè)新工廠對(duì)這個(gè)市鎮(zhèn)將會(huì)有很大的好處。(=be good to)
benefit v.
This medicine will benefit you.這藥對(duì)你有好處。
I benefited from my father’s advice.我受益于父親的教育。
20. pass laws to strengthen the rights of ……通過(guò)法律來(lái)加強(qiáng)……的權(quán)利。
strengthen v.加強(qiáng)；鞏固；變強(qiáng)
The current strengthened as we moved down the river.我們順流而下時(shí)，水流更急了。
This latest development has further strengthened my determination to leave.最近事態(tài)的發(fā)展更增強(qiáng)了我離開(kāi)的決心。
strength n.力氣；力量；強(qiáng)度
He is a man of great strength.他是個(gè)強(qiáng)壯的男子。
The fence was strengthened with wire. 這堵圍欄用金屬絲加固了。
21.It would be many years until Australia learnt to respect Aborigines and recognize the importance of diverse society.
許多年后澳大利亞才懂得尊重土著居民，并認(rèn)識(shí)到多元化的重要性
Australian English differs in pronunciation from British and American English.
澳洲英語(yǔ)在發(fā)音上不同與英國(guó)英語(yǔ)和美國(guó)英語(yǔ)。
diverse adj. differing one from another; different 不同的；多種多樣的
have diverse interests 有多種興趣
differ from sb./ sth.與某人/某事物不同，有區(qū)別=be different from
We differ from each other in many ways.我們?cè)谠S多方面不同。
In this aspect,French differs from English/French and English.在這方面，法語(yǔ)不同于英語(yǔ)。
differ with/from sb.about/on sth.不同意；持異議
I’m sorry to differ with you on that.對(duì)不起，在那一點(diǎn)上我與你看法不同。
“I beg to differ.”表示與某人意見(jiàn)不一致。
n.difference
difference between A and B不同之處；差別；變化
It’s not very easy to tell the difference between sugar and salt.區(qū)別糖和鹽不是很容易的。
make a/no/some difference（to sb./ sth.）（對(duì)某人/某事物）有/沒(méi)有/有些作用或影響。
It makes no difference（to me）what you say:I’m not going.不管你怎么說(shuō)（對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)）都無(wú)所謂，反正我不去。
Integrative reading
1.connect
The two cities are connected by a railway
The No. 1 trolly bus connects here with the No. 4 trolly bus for the East Lake.
connect with Beijing University.
connect A with B connect…with(by) join A to B/join…with(by)
We can connect(join)the two islands with a bridge.
The road connects Beijing with Tianjin.
The new highway has joined our hometown to the city.
The Pananma Canal connects the Atlantic with the Pacific.
(The road connects Shanghai and Suzhou.)
2.separate
Although both these shops sell vegetables, they are quite separate.
The children all sleep in separate beds.
We’re sorry that you two should be separated.
England is separated from France by the English channel.
Let’s separate them into three groups.
Please separate the good apples from the bad ones.
They didn’t separate till midnight.
The good friends were glad to meet after so long a separation.
Cf:The world is divided into five continents.
You can divide the apples between you.
separate:把原來(lái)在一起的人或物分隔開(kāi)來(lái)
divide: 著重把一個(gè)整體按一定數(shù)量和大小比例分成若干份。
3.having been separated from…
*Arriving at the village(When he arrived at the village),he could not find his home.
*Walking in the park(When she was walking), she saw an old friend.
*Being blind(As they were blind),how could they see?
*Having been there many times, he offered to introduce the history of country .(As he had been)
*Having been rebuilt this way,these temples look even more beautiful.(As/After they have been rebuilt)
*Having put up the tent, they started to cook their supper. (After they put up/had put up)
(Right) Standing on top of the tall building, we could see the whole city.
(Wrong)Standing on top of the tall building, the whole city could be seen.
(Right)Having found the cause they continued the experiment.
(Wrong)Having found the cause,the experiment continued.
Fill in the blanks
(1).Who is the man standing by the door?
(2).The bell ran announcing the end of class.
(3).Austrlia is the only country covering an entire continent.
(4).Suddenly there appeared a young woman dressed in white.
(5).Those chosen as team members must be here before 7 a.m. tomorrow.
(6).He is a man liked by all.
(7).The man writing this English letter is my teacher.
(8).The letter written in simple English is from my teacher.
4.In area…the same size as/…more than 13 times as many as
China is large in area and rich in resources.
The TV tower is nearly 40 metres in height.
They built a fence 30 meters in length.
The area of Australia is 7.6 million sq.km.
A是B的x倍，可表示為：
A be x times the size/height/length of B
A be x times as big/high/long as B
A be x-1 time bigger/higher/longer than B
A be bigger/higher/longer than B by x-1 times
如：這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的3倍。
This room is three times the size of that one.
This room is three times as big as that one.
This room is twice bigger than that one.
This room is bigger than that one by twice.
5.feed…on/feed…to
6.give birth to/be borne
She has borne three children.
She has given birth to three children.
7.keep out
Danger! Keep out!
They closed all windows to keep out the cold.
We put a fence round the vegetable garden to keep the chickens out.
Please keep him out of trouble while he is studying here.
Please keep the dog out of the garden.
keep-phrase:
Keep up your courage/spirits.
They can keep up their normal temperature even in very cold weather.
The old man couldn’t keep up with the other people.
Dave was not good at maths and he couldn’t keep up with the rest of the class.
They used to keep watch at the top of the tree during the war.
Keeping a diary is very important to you.
You’d better keep cool when you are in danger.
She couldn’t keep back her tears at the news.
A newspaper can keeps one in touch with the world.
Nothing can keep me from doing so.
8.round up 聚攏；征集；搜捕
The guide rounded up the tourists and took them back to the coach.向?qū)О延慰蛡兙奂谝黄�，又把他們帶回到海濱。
The sheepdog rounded up the sheep and drove them through the gate.牧羊犬把羊群集中到一起，趕進(jìn)柵門。
Unit 4 Green world
1.Attempt had been made by others to classfy plant species into groups,but the breakthrough came with the work of Carl Linnaeus.另一些人嘗試按植物種類分類，但是突破性進(jìn)展卻來(lái)自Carl Linnaeus.
attempt to do sth=make an attempt to do sth = make an attempt at doing sth =try to do sth
make an attempt on/upon試圖奪取(在第一單元中講過(guò))
classify vt.編排；分類to arrange or organize according to class or category classify sb./ sth.（as sth.）將某人/某物歸類
We usually classify types of character as good or bad.我們通常把 (人的) 性格之類型分為善與惡。
The books in the library are classified by subject.圖書館的書是按照科目分類的。
Would you classify her novels as serious literature or as mere entertainment?
你認(rèn)為她的小說(shuō)屬于文學(xué)類呢，還是屬于通俗讀物類？
classified（常作定語(yǔ)）分類的 a classified directory分類電話簿 classified advertisements分類廣告
classification n. the act or result of classifying; a category or class分類；類別
2. Showing how plants were related was a complex and strange thing before Linnaeus developed his system.
在林尼厄斯確立這個(gè)系統(tǒng)之前，要說(shuō)明植物之間的關(guān)系是一個(gè)復(fù)雜而陌生的事情。
3.But Linnaeus’ idea of grouping plants in families was unique.而Linnaeus把植物按家族來(lái)分類的想法卻很特別。
group v.集合，使成群；類集
The children grouped round the piano.孩子們集合在鋼琴周圍。
We can group animals into several types.我們可以把動(dòng)物分成好幾類。(We can classify animals as several types.)
noun（1）群；組；類
（family,team,audience,enemy,group,class等集合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若看作一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；若強(qiáng)調(diào)各個(gè)成員，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。）
Our group is going to climb a mountain tomorrow.我們組明天要去爬山。
The group are having dinner now.組員們正在吃晚飯。
What blood group are you?你是什么血型？
[作定語(yǔ)] a group activity 集體活動(dòng)
（2）（公司聯(lián)營(yíng)的）集團(tuán)：a newspaper group報(bào)業(yè)集團(tuán)
▲identification （學(xué)案上沒(méi)有） n. the state of being identified 鑒別；驗(yàn)明
the identification of high yielding seeds 高產(chǎn)量種子的鑒別
n. proof or evidence of identity 身份證明(縮寫 ID)
His only means of identification was his passport. 他唯一證明身份的證件就是他的護(hù)照。
4.As a result,fruits such as peaches and pears are in fact related,although they are different at first sight.
因此（結(jié)果），盡管桃子和梨子乍看起來(lái)是不同的，但事實(shí)上它們是有關(guān)聯(lián)的。
at first sight/glance
At first sight/glance the problem seemed easy. 乍一看這個(gè)問(wèn)題似乎很容易。
They felt in love at first sight.他們一見(jiàn)鐘情。
He could tell at a(single) glance what was wrong with the car.他一眼就能看出汽車有什么毛病。
5.develop a lifelong frienship with… 與……結(jié)成為終身好友
make a lifelong friend with sb.
6.Born into a life of privilege,Joseph Banks was the son of a wealthy family. Joseph Banks是一個(gè)富裕家庭的孩子，生來(lái)就享有特殊權(quán)利
privilege n. a special advantage, permission, right, or benefit granted to or enjoyed by an individual, a class 特權(quán)；優(yōu)惠
Our members have the privilege of using the lending service of the library.
我們的會(huì)員有享受圖書館借書服務(wù)的特權(quán)。
7.lead/live a cosy life過(guò)著安逸的生活
live/lead a happy life/a bitter life 過(guò)著幸福/痛苦生活
cosy ：comfortable; easy
8.but young Banks had an appetite for knowledge但是小班克斯卻有渴求知識(shí)的欲望
n. a desire for food 食欲；胃口
Exercises give one a good appetite. 運(yùn)動(dòng)增進(jìn)食欲。
n. a strong wish or liking 愛(ài)好；欲望
He has an appetite for writing. 他好從事寫書。（be fond of,go in for）
9.Despite his wealth,he worked to make a career in science. 盡管他很富有，但他謀求在科學(xué)上有一番成就。
in spite of his wealth/although he was wealthy/rich….
Some were owners of great wealth and property. 有些人擁有萬(wàn)貫家財(cái)。
10. In 1768,the Royal Navy appointed James Cook as the commander of the Endeavour to take members of the Royal Society on
an expedition to Tahiti.1768年英國(guó)皇家海軍任命James Cook為“奮力”號(hào)船長(zhǎng)，帶領(lǐng)皇家學(xué)會(huì)成員遠(yuǎn)征塔希提島。
appoint sb.（to.）;appoint sb.（as.）
挑選（某人）做某工作或任某職位；任命；委派
He was appointed to the vacant post.他被委派填補(bǔ)那空缺。
We must appoint a new teacher at once to the mountain school.
我們必須立即委派一名新教師到那山村小學(xué)去。
They have appointed a new manager.他們已經(jīng)任用了一位新經(jīng)理。
Who shall we appoint （as） chairperson?我們選派誰(shuí)擔(dān)任主席呢？
appoint sth.（for sth.） 確定或決定某事物
They have appointed a date for the meeting.他們已經(jīng)約定了開(kāi)會(huì)的日期。
They appointed a place to exchange stamps. 他們約定一個(gè)地方交換郵票。
11.This would give astronomers a chance to calculate the distance between the earth and the sun.
這樣天文學(xué)家就有機(jī)會(huì)去測(cè)量地球和太陽(yáng)之間的距離。
They use a computer to calculate the cost of a journey.他們用電腦算出旅行的費(fèi)用。
I calculate that we will reach London at about 3 p.m.估計(jì)我們大約在下午3點(diǎn)到達(dá)倫敦。
be calculated to do sth.旨在，打算或計(jì)劃做某事
His speech was calculated to stir up the crowd.他講的話有意鼓動(dòng)/煽動(dòng)人群。
n. calculation計(jì)算，推算
12 …it was the government that paid for all the equipment and expenses for that part of the expedition.
英國(guó)政府贊助了這次考察中天文學(xué)部分所需的設(shè)備和經(jīng)費(fèi)。
expense n.花費(fèi)，費(fèi)用，經(jīng)費(fèi)
It’s too much of an expense to own a car.擁有一輛汽車的花費(fèi)太大。
at one’s expense由某人負(fù)擔(dān)費(fèi)用
He had his book printed at his own expense.他自己出錢印了書。
at the expense of sth.在損失或損壞某事物的情況下
He built up a successful business but it was all done at the expense of his health.
他創(chuàng)建的企業(yè)很成功，但這一切都損害了他的健康。
13.had to supply about ￡10,000 of his own money to equip the expedition……不得不把自己的錢（大約一萬(wàn)英鎊）拿出來(lái)為這次遠(yuǎn)征提供設(shè)備。
supply當(dāng)“提供；供應(yīng)”講，近義詞為provide/offer。
（1）supply sb.with sth./ supply sth.to sb.向某人提供某物
They supplied food aids to the people in the flood-stricken area.
=They supplied the people in the flood-stricken area with food aids.
他們向受災(zāi)地區(qū)的人們提供了食品援助。
（2）offer sb.sth./offer sth.to sb.向某人提供某物
He offered me a cup of tea.=He offered a cup of tea to me.
（3）provide sb.with sth./ provide sth.for sb.向某人提供某物，供應(yīng)
The firm has provided me with a car.=The firm has provided a car for me.公司提供給我一輛汽車。
在涉及到錢時(shí)，supply則不明確，一般講來(lái)要給錢，provide往往則意味著免費(fèi)提供
The school provides the students with lesson-sheets.學(xué)校免費(fèi)給學(xué)生提供講義。
We can supply you with some rare Ming editions. 我們可以給你提供一些稀有的明版書。
14.He also look out for new economic species; plants that could be grown in England or other parts of the world to produce crops that could be sold . 而且他還調(diào)查了一些新的經(jīng)濟(jì)物種，在英國(guó)和世界其他地區(qū)生長(zhǎng)其谷物能夠被賣的植物。
look our for to be careful of 當(dāng)心；注意；警惕
Look out (for the car)! 留神(汽車)！
15. Banks was the first to move crops from one continent to anther on a large scale, helping to develop local economic with these new imports. 約瑟夫。班克斯是第一位大規(guī)摸把植物從一個(gè)大陸移到另一個(gè)大陸的人，用這些進(jìn)口的東西來(lái)幫助發(fā)展當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)。
16.some plants that were spread over the globe in this way include cococa,hemp and tea.用這種方式發(fā)展起來(lái)的植物有可可，大麻和茶葉。
17.The voyage had been a great success.這次航海取得了巨大的成功。
18.Wonderful discoveries had been of strange new lands,cultures,animals and plants.
絕妙的發(fā)現(xiàn)還包括新奇的大陸、文化和動(dòng)植物。
19.From behind his desk, however, he was involved in enterprises such as the exploration of Africa and the settlement of Australia.然而他卻在幕后卷入了諸如探索非洲和開(kāi)拓澳洲之類的航行。
involve
（1）需要The job involved me in London.工作需要我住在倫敦。
（2）牽涉，牽連；包括
The strike involved many people.許多人參加了罷工。
involve sb./sth.in sth./doing sth.使某人/某事物陷入或參與某活動(dòng)
in solving your problems!你解決你的問(wèn)題，不要把我拉進(jìn)去。
He was involved in a heated argument.他參與了一場(chǎng)激烈的爭(zhēng)論。
All the children were involved in the school play. 所有的孩子都參加了學(xué)校排練的劇。
20.He accumulated a great deal of knowledge about plants and agriculture.他積累了大量的有關(guān)植物和農(nóng)業(yè)方面的知識(shí)。
accumulated
（1）vt.積累；聚集
By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune.她由于投資精明而積蓄了一筆財(cái)產(chǎn)。
My savings are accumulating interest.我的儲(chǔ)蓄不斷生息。
He accumulated a fortune by hard work. 他靠努力工作積蓄了一筆財(cái)富。
（2）vi. 增加
Dust and dirt soon accumulate if a house is not cleaned regularly.房間不經(jīng)常打掃，塵土很快就越積越多。
Snow accumulated to a depth of 10 feet. 雪已積到十尺深。
n. accumulation 金錢、知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累
21. In growing strawberries Banks went back to the abandoned practice of spreading straw under the fruit to reduce the necessary amount of watering.在種植草莓時(shí)Banks采用早已廢棄的在果實(shí)下鋪稻草的方法來(lái)降低用水量。
The driver abandoned his car in the snow. 司機(jī)把汽車拋在雪地里。
He found a baby abandoned by its parents.他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)被父母遺棄的嬰兒。
The match was abandoned because of bad weather.比賽因天氣惡劣而取消。
(please look up the word:desert)
供閱讀的其它知識(shí)點(diǎn)
▲Darwin’s observations on that voyage led him to write his famous book on the Origin of species.…
達(dá)爾文在那次環(huán)球旅行中的觀察使他寫出了著名的《物種起源》
▲deserve
The article deserves careful study=The article is worth studying.
She deserves a reward for her effort.她積極努力，應(yīng)該得到獎(jiǎng)賞。
They deserve to be sent to prison.他們應(yīng)該入獄。
▲It was Darwin’s visit on the Beagle to the Galapagos Isles that gave him the key to his new theory.
達(dá)爾文乘“小獵犬號(hào)”去加拉 戈斯群島的活動(dòng)使他獲得了新創(chuàng)建理論的鑰匙。
▲habitat（動(dòng)物或植物的）棲息地/自然環(huán)境
This creature’s natural habitat is the jungle. 這種動(dòng)物的天然棲息地是叢林。
▲pass sth.down from one generation to the next（常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）一代一代傳下去
pass away 去世，逝世(die) pass by走過(guò)；經(jīng)過(guò)；忽視 pass sth.on （to sb.）將某物傳交給（某人）
pass through sth.經(jīng)歷（一段時(shí)間） pass on （to sth.）從一階段進(jìn)入另一階段
▲.As a result of Darwin and Mendel s research, scientists of the nineteenth century formed the belief that the influence of the environment was behind the development of new species. 達(dá)爾文和門德?tīng)柕难芯拷Y(jié)果，使得19世紀(jì)的科學(xué)家悶形成這樣的一種理念：環(huán)境的影響導(dǎo)致了新物種的發(fā)展。
▲It would take a next generation of scientists to bring the importance of the environment on species back in view.
要重新認(rèn)識(shí)環(huán)境對(duì)物種的重要性環(huán)需要下一代科學(xué)家的努力。
▲In 1922,Gte Turesson found evdence for the existence of stable varieties within species in nature.
1922年Gte Turesson發(fā)現(xiàn)了自然界物種穩(wěn)定多樣性存在的證據(jù)。
▲grow to bush長(zhǎng)成灌木，grow close to the ground長(zhǎng)得貼近地面
▲adapt 適應(yīng)，改編，改寫
I don’t think I shall ever adapt myself to this hot weather.
They are adapted to various climates,soil and other natural conditions.
He is adapting the novel fortelevision.他在把這部小說(shuō)改編成電視劇。
▲However, Turesson’s findings show that habitat,such as soil conditions,is of equal importance to the output of crops.
然而Turesson的調(diào)查研究結(jié)果卻表明，生長(zhǎng)地的情況，如生長(zhǎng)地的土壤條件，對(duì)糧食農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量也具有同樣重要的意義。
output n. amount of things that you have made 產(chǎn)量；產(chǎn)品
We must increase our output to meet people's needs. 我們必須增加產(chǎn)量來(lái)滿足人們的需要。
請(qǐng)不要跟adopt（采取、采用，通過(guò)、收養(yǎng)）相混
▲procedure n.程序（尤指工商、法律、政治等事務(wù)的）
Stop arguing about （questions of） procedure and let’s get down to business.
別再為程序（問(wèn)題）爭(zhēng)辯了，咱們著手議正事吧。
procedure （for sth.）手續(xù)；步驟
What’s the procedure for opening a bank account?在銀行開(kāi)個(gè)賬戶要辦什么手續(xù)？
▲promote v.（1）提升，晉升
My daughter’s just been promoted!我的女兒剛被提升了！
promote sb.to sth.提升，擢升某人
The football team was promoted to the first division.該足球隊(duì)已晉升為甲級(jí)隊(duì)。
Our teacher has been promoted to headmaster. 我們的老師已被提升為校長(zhǎng)了。
（2）促進(jìn)；鼓勵(lì)，推動(dòng)
The organization works to promote friendship between nations.該組織旨在促進(jìn)各國(guó)之間的友誼。
Kindness promotes peace. 親切的行為可以促進(jìn)和睦。
▲rose n. a beautiful flower, which is red, white or yellow 玫瑰(花)；薔薇(花)
Father planted roses along one side of the garden. 父親沿著花園的一邊種了玫瑰。
You lie upon roses when young, you'll lie upon thorns when old. 少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲。
▲peony n. 牡丹；芍藥
She blushed like a peony. 她臉紅得像一朵牡丹花。
▲bunch n. a number of things of the same kind fastened or growing together 串；束
a bunch of flowers 一束花 a bunch of grapes/keys 一串葡萄/一串鑰匙
▲merely adv. only僅僅；只不過(guò)
I didn't stop to speak to him--I merely smiled. 我沒(méi)有停下來(lái)和他說(shuō)話--我只是微微一笑。
▲enterprise n. an undertaking, especially one of some scope, complication, and risk; a business organization事業(yè)；企業(yè)
government enterprise 公/國(guó)營(yíng)企業(yè) private enterprise 私/民營(yíng)企業(yè) small-to-medium-sized enterprises中小企業(yè)
▲settlement n. group of homes in a place where no people have lived before 拓居地；定居點(diǎn)
The first settlements were on the east coast of America. 最初的殖民地是在美洲的東海岸。
n. agreeing about something after discussing it 解決（方案）
After long talks about pay, the managers and workers reached a settlement.
就工資進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期談判后，勞資雙方達(dá)成一項(xiàng)解決辦法。
▲straw n. dry, cut stalks of wheat, etc. 稻草；麥稈
Everyone of us had a straw hat on. 我們?nèi)巳硕即鞑菝薄?/p>
n. thin tube of paper or plastic for drinking a cold drink 麥管；吸管
He sucked Coke through a straw. 他用吸管吸可口可樂(lè)。
▲year after year adv. 年年；一年又一年(= year in year out) 對(duì)比year by year
▲tone n. a sound; the quality of a sound; the voice, as expressing feeling音調(diào)；語(yǔ)調(diào)
She spoke in an angry tone. 她用惱怒的口氣說(shuō)話。
▲reward n. present or money that you give to thank someone for something 報(bào)酬；報(bào)答
He was given a reward for passing the examination. 他因考試及格而得到獎(jiǎng)品。
He worked hard all his life but without much reward. 他辛勤一生，但得到的報(bào)酬卻很少。
vt. give something in return for 酬謝；獎(jiǎng)賞
He was well rewarded by the kind things people said about him. 人們表?yè)P(yáng)了他，這就是對(duì)他很好的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。
▲nowhere adv. at, in, or to no place; not anywhere 任何地方都不；什么地方也沒(méi)有
He was nowhere to be found. 什么地方也找不到他。
n. an unknown place 不知道的地方：a cabin in the middle of nowhere 不知在什么中心的小屋
▲altogether adv. on the whole; all things considered 總共；總而言之
There were five of us altogether. 我們共有五人。
Altogether, the book is quite interesting. 總的說(shuō)來(lái)，這本書相當(dāng)有趣。
adv. totally; completely 完全；全部地
Some of what you say is true, but I don't altogether agree. 你說(shuō)的有些是真的，但我不能全都同意。
▲appearance n. what someone or something looks like 外貌；外表
Do not judge by appearances. 別從外貌判斷事物。
n. being seen; coming 顯露；出現(xiàn)
At the sight of his appearance on the stage, the hall rang with thunderous applause. 他一出場(chǎng)，禮堂里就掌聲雷動(dòng)。
▲latter adj. 后者
Of the two, the former is better than the latter. 兩者之中前者較后者為佳。
▲distinguish vt.& vi. show the difference in; show the difference; make a distinction 區(qū)別；辨別
He could not distinguish cotton from wool. 他不能辨認(rèn)是棉花還是羊毛。(tell…from)
You are confusing things, let me distinguish. 你把事情越弄越糟，讓我來(lái)把它區(qū)分出來(lái)。
▲in detail with all the facts 詳細(xì)地 The teacher explained the text in detail. 老師詳細(xì)地解釋了課文。
Unit 5 Getting the message
Ⅰ. Words and Expressions（課文前面部分出現(xiàn)的）
1.convey ---- to take or carry from one place to another; transport. 運(yùn)送；運(yùn)輸
----to communicate or make known; impart通知；通報(bào)；傳達(dá)
The truck conveyed machinery across the country. 這輛卡車把機(jī)器運(yùn)往全國(guó)各地。
Wires convey electricity.金屬線導(dǎo)電。
I will convey the information to him.我將把這消息通知他。
2.advertise ---- to make public announcement of, especially to proclaim th equalities or advantages of (a product or business) so
as to increase sales. 做廣告；---- to warn or notify告誡，告知
advertise sth做廣告(宣傳)，使……盡人皆知，put an advertisement做廣告
Why not advertise your secondhand car in the local newspaper?為什么不在本地報(bào)紙上為你的二手車做個(gè)廣告呢？
If you want to sell your secondhand car,why not put an advertisement in the local newspaper?
你如果想賣掉你的二手車，為什么不在本地報(bào)紙上做個(gè)廣告呢？
advertise for sb/sth登廣告招聘/欲購(gòu)
The company advertised for a new secretary.公司登了廣告招聘一名新秘書。
We should advertise for someone to look after our children.我們?cè)摰莻�(gè)廣告聘人來(lái)照管孩子們。
advertiser 廣告商
The report gives advertisers a new picture of women today.這份報(bào)告使廣告商對(duì)今日婦女有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)。
4.brand ---- A trademark identifying a product or a manufacturer
商標(biāo)；牌子；烙印
What brand of soap do you like?你喜歡什么牌子的肥皂？
These cattle have my brand on them. 這些牛身上都有我打的烙印。
（常與of連用）特殊類型
his own brand of humor 他獨(dú)特的幽默感
5.consideration ---- careful thought
Please give the problem your careful consideration. 請(qǐng)你仔細(xì)考慮這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
短語(yǔ)：in consideration of 報(bào)答；由于under consideration 在考慮中，在研究中
take … into consideration 顧及，考慮到
Your teacher will take your recent illness into consideration when he marks your exams.
你的老師評(píng)定考試成績(jī)時(shí)，會(huì)考慮到你最近生病的情況。
Taking everything into consideration,the result is better than I expected.
從各方面考慮，結(jié)果比我預(yù)料的好。
復(fù)習(xí)以前學(xué)過(guò)的詞組
We must take local conditions into account.我們必須把當(dāng)?shù)氐臈l件考慮進(jìn)去。
We must take account of the interests of the State.我們必須考慮到國(guó)家的利益。
In the first place ,you must think over this plan.首先你必須考慮這個(gè)計(jì)劃。
6.charge ---- expense; cost 費(fèi)用；花費(fèi) ---- the price asked for something 價(jià)格，收費(fèi)
a charge for the use of the telephone 使用電話的費(fèi)用
The charge for a front-row seat is $3. 前排座位票價(jià)每張三美元。
----management 監(jiān)督；管理
---- a claim of wrongdoing 指控；控告
a charge of stealing 對(duì)偷竊罪的指控
The charge carries a possible sentence of three years.這項(xiàng)控告可能要判三年徒刑。
短語(yǔ)：
in charge of 負(fù)責(zé)
The chief engineer was in charge of directing the building of the subway.主任工程師負(fù)責(zé)指揮地鐵的建造工程。
I was in charge of my sister. 我在照看我妹妹。
in the charge of / in one’s charge 歸某人負(fù)責(zé)；由某人監(jiān)管
The factory is in the charge of a special committee. 這家工廠現(xiàn)在由一個(gè)特別委員會(huì)監(jiān)管。
7.loss ---- The act or an instance of losing; something that is lost; people lost in wartime or an accident.損失；喪失；遺失。
The loss of my watch meant that I had to buy a new one.我的手表丟了就意味著我得買只新的。
Have you reported the loss of the technical papers about the new product to the police?
你們把丟失新產(chǎn)品技術(shù)文件的事向警方報(bào)告了嗎?
His unfortunate death was a great loss to the firm.他的不幸去世對(duì)他的商行來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)重大損失。
The losses are computed at $1000. 估計(jì)損失1000美元。
短語(yǔ)：
at a loss ①低于成本的：sell the merchandise at a loss.賠本賣出貨物
②迷惑的；不解的：I am at a loss to understand those remarks. 我不理解那些話
8.blame ----to hold responsible. 負(fù)責(zé)
---- To place responsibility for (something) 歸咎：把（某事）責(zé)任歸于…
Blame it!(美) 該死!
Don't blame it on him, but on me. 別怪他,該怪我。
They blamed the failure on George. 他們把失敗歸咎于喬治。
Blame me if I don't. 我要是不這樣做,隨你怎么辦好了。
They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan. 他們怪罪秘書造成計(jì)劃延誤。
If he fails the exam he’s only got himself to blame.如果他考試不及格，那只能怪他自己。
短語(yǔ)：be to blame 應(yīng)受譴責(zé)
The children were not to blame. 孩子們不應(yīng)受到譴責(zé)。
The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.那次交通事故不應(yīng)該責(zé)怪司機(jī)。
n. 責(zé)怪，（對(duì)壞事所應(yīng)付的）責(zé)任
We were ready to take the blame for what had happened.我們準(zhǔn)備對(duì)所發(fā)生的事承擔(dān)責(zé)任。
The judge put the blame for the accident on the driver of the car.法官把事故的責(zé)任歸咎于汽車司機(jī)。
ⅠI. Words and Expressions（課文部分出現(xiàn)的）
1…they are broadcast on TV and over the radio,posted the Internet and printed in newspapers and on posters in our cities.
電視機(jī)和收音機(jī)播放廣告，因特網(wǎng)上登載廣告，報(bào)紙上印制廣告，廣告牌上貼廣告。
broadcast -- to transmit (a radio or television program) for public or general use.傳播,傳播（電臺(tái)電視節(jié)目），供大眾使用
--to send out or communicate, especially by radio or television. 播放：尤指通過(guò)電臺(tái)、電視，播出，發(fā)送：
The agency broadcast an urgent appeal for medical supplies.代理商通過(guò)電臺(tái)緊急呼吁要求藥品供應(yīng)
to broadcast the gossip 傳播流言蜚語(yǔ)
The BBC broadcasts every day. 英國(guó)廣播公司每天廣播。
Radio Beijing broadcasts on a dozen different frequencies.北京電臺(tái)以十幾種不同的頻率進(jìn)行廣播。
作名詞用：
The news broadcast will be at 7.00. 新聞廣播將在7點(diǎn)開(kāi)始。
post ---- to display (an announcement) in a place of public view. 貼布告：在公共場(chǎng)所貼（布告）
----to cover (a wall, for example) with posters. 貼海報(bào)：用海報(bào)張貼
The names of the members of the team will be posted up today. 隊(duì)員名單將于今天張榜公布。
The ship was posted missing. 該船宣告失蹤。
2.The development of radio,television and other media has gone hand in hand with the development of advertising.
廣播、電視和其它媒體與廣告業(yè)同步發(fā)展。
hand in hand 手拉手，密切關(guān)系的
They went home hand in hand.他們手拉手回家了。
The development of agriculture should go hand in hand with that of industry. 工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)應(yīng)共同發(fā)展。
Dirt and disease go hand in hand.骯臟與疾病是分不開(kāi)的。
3.People react to advertisements in different ways.人們對(duì)廣告的反應(yīng)是不同的。
（1）vi. 反應(yīng)，反抗
How did he react to your suggestion?他對(duì)你的建議有什么反應(yīng)？
Children tend to react against their parents by going against their wishes.孩子往往故意不聽(tīng)父母的話來(lái)表示抗拒。
How did your mother react to the news? She reacted by getting very angry.
你媽媽對(duì)這個(gè)消息的反應(yīng)怎樣？她的反應(yīng)是非常生氣。
（2）vt. （指物質(zhì)）起化學(xué)反應(yīng)
An acid can react with a base to form a salt.酸可與堿起化學(xué)反應(yīng)形成鹽。
4.Some people find ads useful and entertaining;others think that they are annoying.有些人認(rèn)為廣告有用而且有趣，有些人認(rèn)為它討厭。
These flies are annoying me.這些蒼蠅真使我心煩。
I was annoyed with him because he kept interrupting.我對(duì)他煩透了，因?yàn)樗煌５卮驍辔业脑挕?/p>
be annoyed with sb for/at sth 討厭某事為某事對(duì)某人生氣
復(fù)習(xí)：be angry at/about sth
be angry with/at sb for doing sth
5.Defenders of ads say that ads help us make informed choices as consumers by introducing good quality products.為廣告辯護(hù)者說(shuō)，廣告介紹了質(zhì)地優(yōu)良的產(chǎn)品，幫助消費(fèi)者作出了明智的選擇。
Can you inform where he lives?你能告訴我他住在哪兒？
He informed them of his arrival.他通知他們說(shuō)他到了。
He is a well-informed man.他是個(gè)消息靈通人士。
inform against/on/upon sb告發(fā)/控告
informer告發(fā)者，檢舉者
6.On the other hand,critics sometimes accuse companies of using ads and misleading us by making us believe that a certain product is better than it really is or that we will be happier if we buy it.另一方面，批評(píng)者有時(shí)指責(zé)公司濫用廣告誤導(dǎo)我們，讓我們相信某種產(chǎn)品比它的實(shí)際情況要好，或者購(gòu)買某種產(chǎn)品會(huì)令人更加愉快。
to charge with a shortcoming or an error. 指責(zé)：因缺點(diǎn)或錯(cuò)誤而指控
to charge formally with a wrongdoing. 指控：正式指控某一錯(cuò)誤行徑
The police accused him of murder. 警方指控他謀殺。
The police accused him of stealing. 警方控告他犯有盜竊罪。
accuse 與charge
The police ______ him with murder. (1) charged
Tom _____ his boss of having broken his word. (2) accused
The police ______the driver with careless driving. (3) charged
His neighbour ______him of playing the musical instrument too loudly. (4) accused
7.By introducing a brand name to potential customers,and by associating the product with the customers’needs,companies are able to influence the choices customers.把一個(gè)商品品牌的名字告訴潛在的消費(fèi)者，并把這種產(chǎn)品同消費(fèi)者的需要聯(lián)系起來(lái)，公司就可能影響消費(fèi)者作出選擇。
associate vt.把――和――聯(lián)系起來(lái)
He associated himself with this campaign. 他把他自己與這次戰(zhàn)役聯(lián)系起來(lái)。
I didn’t want to be associated with it at all. 我根本不想?yún)⑴c這件事。
What do you associate with such a heavy snow? 這樣一場(chǎng)大雪你有什么聯(lián)想?
associate 還可以作不及物動(dòng)詞使用，“和……來(lái)往，和……共事（與with連用）解。
There he associated with working people. 在那里他與勞動(dòng)人民來(lái)往。
8. Customers see so many ads every day that advertisers must work hard to get their message across.消費(fèi)者每天看到大量的廣告，因此廣告商必須使出渾身的解數(shù)使消費(fèi)者明白他們的意圖。
get sth. across 使某事被理解（領(lǐng)會(huì)）
Our teacher is clever,but not very good at getting his ideas across to us.我們的老師很聰明，但他不善于把他的觀點(diǎn)講清楚。
The message got across at last.這信息終于被理解了。
9.The best chance to reach customers is to appeal to their emotions.接近消費(fèi)者的最好機(jī)會(huì)是迎合消費(fèi)者的情感。
appeal呼吁，懇求：熱切或急切的要求、請(qǐng)求或懇求
Does the idea of working abroad appeal to you? 你有沒(méi)有興趣出國(guó)工作?
She appeals to me. 我對(duì)她感興趣。
appeal （to sb） for sth. 請(qǐng)求某人某事；呼吁。。。，請(qǐng)求給與make an appeal
警方呼吁公眾提供有關(guān)被害者的情況。
The police are appealing to the public for any information about the murder victim.
appeals to sb to do sth. 呼吁某人干. make an appeal for sb to do sth
The government is appealing to everyone to save water. 政府呼吁每個(gè)人節(jié)約用水。
The victims' families of the murder have appealed to the Supreme Court to have a definitive answer.
謀殺案的被害家屬已經(jīng)請(qǐng)求最高法院作確切的答復(fù)。
上訴：appeal a decision to a higher court 不服判決提出上訴
He appealed against the judge's decision. 他不服法官判決而上訴。
作名詞用:an appeal for aid 懇求援助 an appeal for forgiveness 懇求原諒
The teacher listened to his appeal. 老師傾聽(tīng)了他的要求。
10.It has been proven again and again that frequent advertising increases product sales.經(jīng)常做廣告會(huì)增加產(chǎn)品的銷售額，這是一再證明了的事。
frequent：時(shí)常發(fā)生的, 頻繁的
I enjoyed his frequent visits. 我喜歡他經(jīng)常來(lái)訪。
Frequent failures did not affect his morale. 屢次失敗都沒(méi)有使他泄氣。
Rains are frequent here in early summer. 這兒在初夏季節(jié)常下雨。
She is a frequent visitor to our house.她是我們家的常客。
v.常去，時(shí)常出入于，與……經(jīng)常往來(lái)
Police visited all the bars that the suspect frequented.警察視察了嫌疑犯時(shí)常出沒(méi)的所有酒吧。
These woods are frequented by all kinds of birds.這些森林里經(jīng)常棲息著各種鳥類。
注意：frequent的反義詞是 infrequent, frequent的副詞是 frequently
11.Advertisements also help consumers choose among all the available products.廣告還可以幫助消費(fèi)者在所有能夠找到的產(chǎn)品中進(jìn)行選擇。available（在第二單元中已經(jīng)講過(guò)，再?gòu)?fù)習(xí)一下）
This was the only available room.這是唯一可以利用的房間。
You will be informed when the book becomes available.這本書有貨時(shí)就通知你。
Tickets are available at the box office.票房有票。
12. Armed with facts and figures,customers are better able to deal with the often powerful arguments by a salesman or saleswoman.掌握了一些事實(shí)和數(shù)據(jù)之后，顧客就能更好地應(yīng)付銷售人員強(qiáng)有力的說(shuō)服。
figure:符號(hào)，數(shù)字 ,圖表, 價(jià)格：用數(shù)來(lái)表示的價(jià)值
That car of his has been sold for a large figure 以高價(jià)出售
a figure of speech. 形象化的說(shuō)法
She has a five-figure income. 她有五位數(shù)的收入。
figure in 包括：包括:figured in travel expenses 包含在旅行費(fèi)用當(dāng)中
figure on ①依靠We figured on your support. 我們就指望你的支持了
②把…估計(jì)在內(nèi)；期望：I figured on an hour's delay. 我估計(jì)要延遲一小時(shí)
③計(jì)劃We figure on leaving at noon. 我們計(jì)劃中午走
figure out ①發(fā)現(xiàn)或決定：Let's figure out a way to help. 讓我們來(lái)找出幫助的辦法吧
②解決或破譯：Can you figure out this puzzle? 你能找到謎底嗎?
We must figure out how to solve the problem.我們必須想出解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的辦法。
I couldn't figure out who the lady with the sunglasses was.我想不出那位戴墨鏡的夫人是誰(shuí)。
13.Not all ads are used to promote a product or to increase a company’s profits.并不是所有的廣告都用來(lái)促銷商品或?yàn)楣驹黾永麧?rùn)。
該句為不完全否定。相當(dāng)于All ads are not used to promote a product or to increase a company’s profits.
類似句型還有：Not every…=Every…not…Not both… =Both…not…
profit（1）n. 利潤(rùn)，贏利，利益
There are very little profits in selling newspapers at present.現(xiàn)在賣報(bào)紙利潤(rùn)很小。
We sold our house at a profit.我們出售房屋獲得了利潤(rùn)。
This new invention will bring you great profits like a goldmine.
這項(xiàng)新發(fā)明會(huì)像一座金礦一樣會(huì)給你們帶來(lái)豐厚的利潤(rùn)。
I have read the book to my profit. 我讀了這本書大有收益。
make a penny profit on each orange 要每只橘子盈利一便士
non-profit organisations非贏利組織（本課中出現(xiàn)的）
（2）v.有益于，對(duì)（某人）有好處
It will profit you nothing to do that.你做那件事沒(méi)有好處。
She has certainly profited from spending a year in England.在英國(guó)度過(guò)的一年確實(shí)對(duì)她是有益的。
The students do hope to profit by / from the teacher's comments on their compositions.
學(xué)生們真心希望從老師對(duì)他們的作文的評(píng)語(yǔ)中獲得益處。
對(duì)比：benefit/benefit from
14. Many governments used ad campaigns to make people aware of social problems and government policies.
許多政府部門也采用廣告作宣傳，以使人民了解社會(huì)問(wèn)題和政府的政策。
campaign 戰(zhàn)役；計(jì)劃
a campaign to stop people smoking 一項(xiàng)阻止人們吸煙的運(yùn)動(dòng)
Did you take part in either of my last two campaigns? 你有沒(méi)有參加我（指揮）的上兩次戰(zhàn)役？
a fund-raising campaign 一項(xiàng)籌措資金的計(jì)劃；
make… aware of 使……意識(shí)到
15.These”bad ads”use illegal ways to mislead consumers.這些“壞廣告”采用不法手段來(lái)誤導(dǎo)消費(fèi)者。
an illegal immigrant. 非法移民 It is illegal to steal things. 偷東西是違法的
16.It is not always easy to spot a bad ad there are a few things we can look out for.First of all,we should always keep an eye out for “hidden information”.要看出壞廣告并不是容易的，但也有寫情況是我們可以提防的。首先，我們要警惕“隱藏的信息”。
供閱讀的其它知識(shí)點(diǎn)
1. policy ---- A plan or course of action, as of a governme