（一）考綱要求
名詞應(yīng)掌握以下內(nèi)容：分清名詞的可數(shù)性與不可數(shù)性；可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)，有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)；物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞不可數(shù)但可以具體量化使用；名詞所有格和of格的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象；名詞直接作定語(yǔ)；國(guó)家名詞的正確使用；名詞詞義的區(qū)分和搭配；單位名詞的搭配；名詞前的修飾語(yǔ)so, as, quite等；time及�？键c(diǎn)。
（二）命題導(dǎo)向
名詞的“可數(shù)”與“不可數(shù)”是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。不可數(shù)名詞前不能與不定冠詞連用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名詞卻有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但意義與原來(lái)詞不同。有些可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)有兩個(gè)意思，一個(gè)與單數(shù)意義相同，另一個(gè)和單數(shù)含義不同，高考中這些含義很可能成為考查的內(nèi)容。詞語(yǔ)的固定搭配及名詞作定語(yǔ)也是高考命題的注意點(diǎn)。
（三）知識(shí)概要
英語(yǔ)的名詞分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。專有名詞是指?jìng)�(gè)人、團(tuán)體、地方、機(jī)構(gòu)或事物等所專有的名稱，它的第一個(gè)字母必須大寫。如：Einstain, Beijing, Asia等。普通名詞是指一類人、一類事物、某種物質(zhì)抽象概念的名稱，可分為：個(gè)體名詞（可數(shù)，如：worker, father, book, tree, school等）；集體名詞（可數(shù)，如：people, family, class, team等）；物質(zhì)名詞（不可數(shù)，如：iron, paper, snow, water, chalk, gold等）；抽象名詞（不可數(shù)，如：life, thought, idea, strength等）。
注意：可數(shù)、不可數(shù)是英文名詞和中文名詞的一個(gè)重要差異--即學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)。而很多英語(yǔ)名詞具有雙重性。即，名詞的類別不是固定不變的，它們會(huì)根據(jù)詞義的變化和場(chǎng)合的不同而相互轉(zhuǎn)換，其名詞類別的轉(zhuǎn)換可歸納如下：
1、個(gè)體名詞轉(zhuǎn)抽象名詞或抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)個(gè)體名詞
e.g. Our school is not far from my home.（個(gè)體）我們學(xué)校離我家不遠(yuǎn)。
School is over at six.（抽象）六點(diǎn)鐘放學(xué)。
2、物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)個(gè)體名詞或個(gè)體名詞轉(zhuǎn)物質(zhì)名詞
e.g. He broke a piece of glass.（物質(zhì)）他打破了一塊玻璃。
He broke a glass.（個(gè)體）他打破了一個(gè)杯子。
3、個(gè)體名詞轉(zhuǎn)專有名詞
e.g. His father is a teacher.（個(gè)體）他父親是個(gè)教師。
“What are you doing there?” Father asked.（專有）“你在那兒干什么？”父親問(wèn)道。
（四）名詞的數(shù)
名詞分為可數(shù)（有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式）和不可數(shù)名詞（只有單數(shù)形式）。
1、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)：
① 一般加s ：lesson → lessons, pen → pens
② 以s, x, ss, ch, sh, o結(jié)尾的加es ：buses, boxes, classes, watches, brushes, hero → heroes
但有些以o結(jié)尾的名詞，是加s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)：kilo → kilos, piano → pianos, radio → radios,
photo → photos, zoo → zoos
③ 以輔音字母 + y 結(jié)尾的改y為i，再加es ：city → cities, story → stories
④ 以f 或fe結(jié)尾的，一般將f或fe改為v，再加es ：knife → knives, leaf → leaves
但有些以f 結(jié)尾的名詞，是在f后加s，構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式：belief → beliefs, roof → roofs, safe（保險(xiǎn)箱）→ safes, proof（證據(jù)）→ proofs, chief → chiefs, handkerchief → handkerchiefs
2、有些名詞，不按上述規(guī)則構(gòu)成其復(fù)數(shù)形式，有以下幾種情況：
① 單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同：Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep
② 不規(guī)則變化：man → men, woman → women, goose → geese, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, child → children, mouse → mice, ox → oxen 。但是，German → Germans
③ 復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief, daughter-in-law → daughters-in-law, grown-up → grown-ups, woman teacher → women teachers, man driver → men drivers
3、注意以下幾個(gè)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)問(wèn)題
① 物質(zhì)名詞一般不用復(fù)數(shù)形式,但有些物質(zhì)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式來(lái)表示不同的類別,如：fishes各種魚，fruits各種水果，steels各種鋼材。
② 物質(zhì)名詞表示數(shù)量時(shí)，一般用表示數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。如：a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。
③ 有些抽象名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示不同的含義。如：work（工作）→ works（著作），arm（手臂）→ arms（軍火），glass（玻璃）→ glasses（眼鏡），cloth（布）→ clothes（衣服）。
④ 定冠詞加上姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示全家人或夫婦二人；姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前不加冠詞，則表示若干個(gè)姓…的人。如：the Wangs王家，three Wangs三個(gè)姓王的。
⑤ 只用作單數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞。如：physics, mathematics, news, the United States
⑥ 有些名詞形似單數(shù)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如：police, people, cattle
⑦ 有些名詞如被看作整體時(shí)就作單數(shù)用，如被看作組成該集體的各個(gè)成員時(shí)就作復(fù)數(shù)用。如：class, family, couple, audience, government, public
⑧ 有些抽象名詞在具體化時(shí)，可以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。表示特指時(shí)，可和定冠詞連用；表示“某種”或“一次”意義時(shí)，可和不定冠詞連用。如：How did you smooth away the difficulties?（指各種具體困難）；It is a great pleasure to talk with you.；What a surprise!
（五）名詞的所有格
名詞的所有格在句中表示所有關(guān)系，作定語(yǔ)用。
1、有生命名詞的所有格一般在詞尾加上“’”或“’s”。如：Tom’s bike, Engles’s (Engles’) works, a works’ school, Women’s Day, the editor-in-chief’s office
2、如果一個(gè)事物為兩個(gè)人所有，只在后一個(gè)名詞的詞尾加“’s”，如果不是共有，就要在兩個(gè)名詞的詞尾都加上“’s”。如：Tom and Mike’s room.（共有），Tom’s and Mike’s books.（不共有）。
3、表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市的無(wú)生命名詞，可以在詞尾加“’s”或“’”表示所有格，如：today’s papers, ten minutes’ walk
4、表示店鋪或某人的家時(shí)，常在名詞所有格之后省去shop, house, home。如：the tailor’s
5、無(wú)生命名詞的所在格通常用of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。如：the window of the room
6、表示有生命的名詞有時(shí)也可用of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，而且當(dāng)該名詞帶有較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：the teachers of the No. 1 Middle School.
7、雙重所有格結(jié)構(gòu)前的被修飾名詞通常指整體中的部分或一個(gè)，雙重所有格只能用于有生命的名詞，這個(gè)名詞是確定的。被修飾名詞前有不定冠詞、指示代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、不定代詞或數(shù)詞等限定詞時(shí)，一般只能用雙重所有格。如：an old friend of my uncle’s, a daughter of Mrs Green’s, the house of one of my friends
（六）名詞的普通格作定語(yǔ)
表材料、地點(diǎn)、用途、性質(zhì)、泛指時(shí)間、整體等普通名詞可以作定語(yǔ)，一般用單數(shù)形式。
e.g. stone figures（石像）；paper money（紙幣）；country music（鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè)）；table cloth（桌布）；river bank（河岸）；school gate（校門口）；book stores（書店）；traffic lights（交通燈）；summer holidays（暑假）；evening dress（晚禮服）。
但在個(gè)別情況下，也有需用復(fù)數(shù)的。
e.g. sports meet（運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）；the United States government（美國(guó)政府）；students reading-room（學(xué)生閱覽室）；goods train（貨車）；two men doctors（兩個(gè)男醫(yī)生）。
練習(xí)、名詞
1. The ____ of the room were covered with ____.
A. roofs, leafs B. roofs, leaves C. rooves, leafs D. rooves, leaves
2. There are three ____ in our factory.
A. woman doctors B. women doctors C. woman doctor D. women doctor
3. Which do you prefer ____ or ____?
A. potatos, tomatos B. potatos, tomatoes C. potatoes, tomatos D. potatoes, tomatoes
4. They are ____ of different presses(出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the ____ office.
A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chief’s B. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chief’s
C. editors-in-chiefs, editor’s-in-chief’s D. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chief’s
5. The ant has two ____. A. stomaches B. stomacks C. stomach D. stomachs
6. He doesn’t like ____ for supper. A. chick B. chicken C. chickens D. chicks
7. It was ____ hot weather that many of us went swimming.
A. so B. such C. so as D. such a
8. ____ wonderful space they saw on the room!
A. How B. How a C. What D. What a
9. We know ____ travels not so fast as light.
A. sound B. sounds C. the sounds D. a sound
10. My family raise a lot of ____, including two ____.
A. cattle, cows B. cows, cattle C. cattles, cows D. cow, cattles
11. A number of soldiers ____ at he camp gate（軍營(yíng)門口）.
A. have gathered B. has gathered C. is D. was
12. The Browns have spent a large ____ of money on their new car.
A. deal B. amount C. number D. size
13. ____ work has been done to improve the people’s living standard.
A. Many B. A great many C. A great deal of D. A number of
14. Mr Li shook ____ warmly with a friend.
A. hand B. a hand C. hands D. the hands
15. Two ____, please. A. coffee B. coffees C. cup of coffee D. cups coffee
16. I can’t pay as ____ as he asked for.
A. high price a B. high price C. a high price D. high a price
17. ____ knowledge of space develops rapidly. A. Man’s B. Men’s C. Mens’ D. Person’s
18.I stayed at ____. A. Xiao Wang’s B. Wang’s home C. the Wangs D. home of Wang
19. Sister Carrie works in a ____ factory. A. shoes B. shoses C. shoe D. shoe’s
20. Have you ever read ____?
A. today newspaper B. newspaper today C. newspaper of today D. today’s newspaper
21. Two ____ walk didn’t made me tired. A. hour B. hours C. hour’s D. hours’
22. The mother over there is ____ mother.
A. Julia and Mary B. Julia and Mary’s C. Julia’s and Mary’s D. Julia’s and Mary
23. Li Ming’s handwriting is better than ____ in the class.
A. anyone’s B. anyone else C. anyone’s else’s D. anyone else’s
24. The children are playing ____ on the ____.
A. sand, sand B. sands, sands C. sand, sands D. sands, sand
25. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller ____. A. set B. one C. copy D. pair
26. Tom usually takes a ____ in bus on rainy days. A. walk B. ride C. trip D. travel
27. We have no ____ about where she has gone.
A. information B. news C. message D. flash
28. Food and ____ are daily necessities（需要）for the people.
A. cloth B. clothe C. clothes D. clothing
29. My ____ of hearing is not so good as it used to be. A. strength B. sense C. power D. skill
30. The ____ caused by carelessness ____ yesterday. Many workers were killed.
A. incident, was happened B. matter, happened
C. event, was taken place D. accident, took place
31. The room was so quiet that she could hear the ____ of her heart.
A. beating B. ways C. knocking D. striking
32. ____ has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.
A. The public B. People C. Women D. Man
33. He was an ____ in the government ____.
A. office, official B. official, office C. officer, office D. official, officer
34. There are several ____ in this novel who are different in ____.
A. character, character B. characters, characters C. character, characters D. characters, character
35. We visited him ____ when he was in hospital.
A. every other days B. each other day C. every other day D. every two day
36. My friend will return in ____.
A. one day or two B. a day or two C. one day or two D. a or two days
37. ____ is always difficult for me.
A. Translation B. Translate C. The translation D. A translation
38. ____ of this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise.
A. Translation B. Translate C. The translation D. A translation
39. The police ____ looking into the matter now. A. be B. is C. are D. are going to
40. The Chinese are ____ brave and hard working people. A. the B. a C. / D. one
41. No news ____ good news. A. is B. are C. have D. has
42. Maths still ____ very difficult for me, though I have done my best.
A. looks B. seems C. is D. are
43. “Where ____ my trousers?” the boy asked. A. is B. was C. were D. are
44. How happy they are! Obviously, they are ____.
A. in nice spirits B. in nice spirit C. in high spirits D. in high spirit
45. I saw many ____ seated in the corner reading something.
A. Japanese B. Japaneses C. of Japanese D. of Japaneses
46. Father went to his doctor for ____ about his heart trouble.
A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices
47. We are ____ and they are ____. A. Englishmen, Germans
B. Englishmen, German C. Englishmans, Germans D. Englishmen, Germen
48. ____ are made of ____.
A. A glass, a glass B. Glasses, glass C. The glass, the glass D. Glasses, glasses
49. I’ll have to buy ____ trousers. A. a B. two C. a pair of D. a couple of
50. There are two ____ in our class. A. Liu B. Lius C. Liu’s D. Lius’
51. ____ is needed in cold countries.
A. A lot of clothes B. Much clothing C. Many a cloth D. Lots of clothes
52. They are ____. A. mathematics student B. mathematic students
C. students in mathematics D. mathematics students
53. The laboratory assistant recorded the ____ reactions（反應(yīng)）.
A. mouses’ B. mice C. mices’ D. mice’s
54. This letter was sent by ____.
A. my father friend B. my father friend’s C. a friend of my father’s D. a friend of my father
55. Ten years had passed. I found she had ____.
A. a little white hair B. some white hair C. a few white hair D. a few white hairs
56. I have made ____ with Billy. A. friends B. friend C. a friend D. the friend
57. The population of Beijing is ____ than that of Xi’an. A. more B. larger C. fewer D. small
58. There are thirty-two ____ in our school.
A. woman teacher B. women teacher C. women teachers D. woman teachers
59. He had tried everything but it made little______ .
A. use B. good C. difference D. result
60. You must get there within half an hour. There should be no______ in sending the blood to the dying man.
A. wait B. delay C. time D. hurry
61. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any______ .
A. excuse B. sense C. use D. value
62. -How dare you play on such thin ice? -Playing on ice is not my ______of spare time.
A. idea B. thought C. mind D. intention
63. Helen said she would like to go to Atlanta by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay for the______ .
A. travel B. tourism C. journey D. course
64. One splendid mountain______ followed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz.
A. view B. glance C. screen D. scene
65.The new law will come into ___on the day it is passed. (1999上海)
A. effect B. use C. service D. existence
66. When you play' football, what ______do you play?
A. situation B. place C. part D. position
67. It's important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the______in language studies.
A. situation B. expression C. condition D. translation
68. I wrote him a letter to show my ______of his thoughtfulness.
A. achievement B. agreement C. view D. appreciation
69. One of the advantages of living on the top floor of a high-rise is that you can get a good______ .
A. sight B. scene C. view D. look
70. Nowadays natural gas, wind and other forms of ______are widely used in the country.
A. energy B. force C. power D. materials
71. ______with foreign countries can bring us much information about the world.
A. Contrast B. Competition C. Contact D. Combination
72. We all know that______speak louder than words.
A. movements B. performances C. operations D. actions
73.We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into ___.(NMET1997 38)
A. fact B. reality C. practice D. deed
74.We've missed the last bus. I'm afraid we have no ____but to take a taxi.(Met 1993 ,33)
A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection
75.He dropped the ___and broke it . (Met 1993, 38)
A. cup of coffee B. coffee's cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup
76.Here's my card. Let's keep in ____. (NMET1994 ,33)
A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship
77.He gained his ___by printing ___of famous writers.(NMET1995,40)
A. wealth; work B. wealths ; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works
78.I'll look into the matter as soon as possible , just have a little ___.(MET 1996 ,10)
A. wait B. time C. patience D. rest
79.If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a ____.(NMET1997,18)
A. message B. letter C. sentence D. notice
80.These football players had no strict ___until they joined our club. (1997.上海 20)
A. practice B. education C. exercise D. training
81.Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of ___.(1996.上海.15)
A. energy B. source C. power D. material
82.You'll find this map of great __in helping you to get round London.(NMET 1998 21)
A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness
83.We all know that ___speak louder than words.(1999.上海 24)
A. movements B. performances C. operations D. actions
84.My parents always let me have my own ____of living. (1999.上海25)
A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion