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高中英語語法大全

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2016-5-22 編輯:互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機(jī)版

中學(xué)語法大全 代詞

目錄

人稱代詞的用法 2

人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換 2

代詞的指代問題 3

并列人稱代詞的排列順序 3

物主代詞 4

雙重所有格 4

反身代詞 4

相互代詞 5

指示代詞 6

疑問代詞 7

關(guān)系代詞 8

every, no, all, both,... 9

none, few, some, any,... 10

代詞比較辯異one, that和it 11

one/another/the other 11

"the"的妙用 12

anyone/any one;... 12

both, either, neither,... 13

many, much 14

few, little, a few,... 14

2.1 人稱代詞的用法

1)人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語或主語補(bǔ)語,例如:

  John waited a while but eventually he went home.

  約翰等了一會(huì)兒,最后他回家了。

  John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.

  約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗,還真是她。

說明:在復(fù)合句中,如果主句和從句主語相同,代詞主語要用在從句中,名詞主語用在主句中,例如:

  When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.

  約翰一到就直接去銀行了。

2)人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語或介詞賓語,但在口語中也能作主語補(bǔ)語,第一人稱在省略句中,還可以作主語,例如:

 I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.

 我看到她和他們?cè)谝黄,至少我認(rèn)為是她。(her做賓 語,them做介詞賓語,her作主語補(bǔ)語)

   a. -- Who broke the vase? --誰打碎了花瓶?

   b. -- Me.    --我。(me作主語補(bǔ)語= It's me.)

說明:在上面兩例句中,her和me分別作主語補(bǔ)語,F(xiàn)代英語中多用賓格,在正式文體中這里應(yīng)為she和I。

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2.2 人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換

1) 賓格代替主格

  a.在簡(jiǎn)短對(duì)話中,當(dāng)人稱代詞單獨(dú)使用或在not 后,多用賓語。

   ---- I like English.   --我喜歡英語。

   ---- Me too.       --我也喜歡。

   ---- Have more wine?   --再來點(diǎn)酒喝嗎?

   ---- Not me.       --我可不要了。

  b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中,常用賓格代替主格。 但如果比較狀語的謂語保留,則主語只能用主格。

    He is taller than I/me.

    He is taller than I am.

2) 主格代替賓格

  a. 在介詞but,except 后,有時(shí)可用主格代替賓格。

  b. 在電話用語中常用主格。

    ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和瑪麗通話。

    ---- This is she.       --我就是瑪麗。

 注意:在動(dòng)詞be 或to be 后的人稱代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。

    I thought it was she.   我以為是她!     (主格----主格)

    I thought it to be her.             (賓格----賓格)

    I was taken to be she.  我被當(dāng)成了她。    (主格----主格)

They took me to be her. 他們把我當(dāng)成了她!  (賓格----賓格)

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2.3 代詞的指代問題

1)不定代詞 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式場(chǎng)合使用時(shí),可用he, his, him代替。

   Nobody came, did he? 誰也沒來,是嗎?

 2)動(dòng)物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替,有時(shí)也用he, she,帶有親切的感情色彩。

   Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。

 3)指代車或國家,船舶的名詞,含感情色彩時(shí)常用she。

2.4 并列人稱代詞的排列順序

1) 單數(shù)人稱代詞并列作主語時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋?/p>

    第二人稱 -> 第三人稱 -> 第一人稱

      you -> he/she; it -> I

    You, he and I should return on time.

 2) 復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞作主語時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋?/p>

    第一人稱 -> 第二人稱 -> 第三人稱

      we。> you   -> They

注意: 在下列情況中,第一人稱放在前面。

   a. 在承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤,承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí),

     It was I and John that made her angry.

     是我和約翰惹她生氣了。

   b. 在長(zhǎng)輩對(duì)晚輩,長(zhǎng)官對(duì)下屬說話時(shí),如長(zhǎng)官為第一人稱, 如:I and you try to finish it.

   c. 并列主語只有第一人稱和第三人稱時(shí),

d. 當(dāng)其他人稱代詞或名詞被定語從句修飾時(shí)。

2.5 物主代詞

1)物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用,例如:

   John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.

  約翰割破了手指,顯而易見,他桌子上有個(gè)破玻璃杯。

  物主代詞有形容詞性(my, your等)和名詞性(mine, yours等)兩種,形容詞性的物主代詞屬于限定詞。

  名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當(dāng)于省略了中心名詞的 --'s屬格結(jié)構(gòu),例如:

   Jack's cap  意為   The cap is Jack's.

   His cap   意為   The cap is his.

 2) 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能

  a. 作主語,例如:

   May I use your pen? Yours works better.

   我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎? 你的比我的好用。

  

  b. 作賓語,例如:

   I love my motherland as much as you love yours.

   我愛我的祖國就像你愛你的祖國一樣深。

  

  c. 作介詞賓語,例如:

   Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.

   你應(yīng)當(dāng)按我所用的詞義去解釋我說的話,而不能按你自己的意義去解釋。

  d. 作主語補(bǔ)語,例如:

The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命屬于你,屬于你,屬于你。

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2.6 雙重所有格

物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置,修飾一個(gè)名詞,而必須用雙重所有格。

 公式為:

  a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。如:

    a friend of mine.

each brother of his.

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2.7 反身代詞

1) 列表

I you you she he

myself yourself yourselves herself himself

we they it one

ourselves themselves itself oneself

 2)做賓語

  a. 有些動(dòng)詞需有反身代詞

   absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave

   We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我們昨晚玩得很開心。

   Please help yourself to some fish.  請(qǐng)你隨便吃點(diǎn)魚。

  b. 用于及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+介詞

   take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.

   I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那個(gè)時(shí)候我不能打扮我自己。

  

  注:有些動(dòng)詞后不跟反身代詞, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。

  Please sit down. 請(qǐng)坐。

 3) 作表語; 同位語

   be oneself: I am not myself today.  我今天不舒服。

   The thing itself is not important.  事情本身并不重要。

 

 4) 在不強(qiáng)調(diào)的情況下,but, except, for 等介詞后賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞賓格均可。如:

No one but myself (me) is hurt.

注意:

  a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨(dú)作主語。

   (錯(cuò)) Myself drove the car.

   (對(duì)) I myself drove the car. 我自己開車。

  b. 但在and, or, nor連接的并列主語中,第二個(gè)主語可用反身代詞,特別是myself 作主語。

   Charles and myself saw it.

 5)第二人稱作賓語,要用反身代詞。

You should be proud of yourself. 你應(yīng)為自己感到驕傲。

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2.8 相互代詞

1)相互代詞只有each other和one another兩個(gè)詞組。他們表示句中動(dòng)詞所敘述的動(dòng)作或感覺在涉及的各個(gè)對(duì)象之間是相互存在的,例如:

  It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.

  顯而易見,不同文化的人總是相互借鑒的。

 2) 相互代詞的句法功能:

  a. 作動(dòng)詞賓語;

   People should love one another. 人們應(yīng)當(dāng)彼此相愛。

  b. 可作介詞賓語;

   Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.  吠、雞鳴、蛙兒對(duì)唱。

 說明:傳統(tǒng)語法認(rèn)為,相互關(guān)系存在于兩個(gè)人或物之間用each other, 存在于兩個(gè)以上人和物之間用one another,F(xiàn)代英語中,兩組詞交替使用的實(shí)例也很多,例如:

   He put all the books beside each other.

    他把所有書并列擺放起來。

   He put all the books beside one another.

    他把所有書并列擺放起來。

   Usually these small groups were independent of each other.

    這些小團(tuán)體通常是相互獨(dú)立的。

  c. 相互代詞可加-'s構(gòu)成所有格,例如:

    The students borrowed each other's notes.

學(xué)生們互借筆記。

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2.9 指示代詞

1) 指示代詞分單數(shù)(this / that)和復(fù)數(shù)(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞,例如:

      單數(shù)          復(fù)數(shù)

限定詞:This girl is Mary.  Those men are my

               teachers.

代詞: This is Mary.     Those are my

               teachers.

 2) 指示代詞的句法功能;

  a. 作主語

    This is the way to do it.

    這事兒就該這樣做。

  

   b. 作賓語

    I like this better than that.

    我喜歡這個(gè)甚至那個(gè)。

   c. 作主語補(bǔ)語

    My point is this.

    我的觀點(diǎn)就是如此。

   d. 作介詞賓語

    I don't say no to that.

    我并未拒絕那個(gè)。

    There is no fear of that.

    那并不可怕。

 說明1:

  指示代詞在作主語時(shí)可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分時(shí)只能指物,不能指人,例如:

 (對(duì))That is my teacher. 那是我的老師。( that作主語,指人)

 (對(duì))He is going to marry this girl. 他要和這個(gè)姑娘結(jié)婚。(this作限定詞)

 (錯(cuò))He is going to marry this.。╰his作賓語時(shí)不能指人)

 (對(duì))I bought this. 我買這個(gè)。(this指物,可作賓語)

 說明2:

  That和those可作定語從句的先行詞,但this和 these不能,同時(shí),在作先行詞時(shí),只有those可指人,試比較:

 (對(duì)) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。

 (對(duì)) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)

 (錯(cuò)) He admired that who danced well.。╰hat作賓語時(shí)不能指人)

 (對(duì)) He admired those who danced well. 他贊賞跳舞好的人。(those指人)

 (對(duì)) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。(those指物)

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2.10 疑問代詞

1) 疑問代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用,用來構(gòu)成疑問句。疑問代詞有下列幾個(gè):

  指 人: who, whom, whose

  指 物: what

  既可指人又可指物: which

 2) 疑問代詞在句中應(yīng)位于謂語動(dòng)詞之前,沒有性和數(shù)的變化,除who之外也沒有格的變化。what, which, whose還可作限定詞。試比較:

 疑問代詞:Whose are these books on the desk? 

       桌上的書是誰的?

      What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?

       美國的領(lǐng)土擴(kuò)張是朝哪個(gè)方向的?

 限定詞: Whose books are these on the desk?

       桌上的書是誰的?

      What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?  哪些事件使密西西比河以東的大部分土地歸屬于美國?

 說明1:

   無論是做疑問代詞還是限定詞,which 和 what 所指的范圍不同。what所指的范圍是無限的,而which則指在一定的范圍內(nèi),例如:

  Which girls do you like best?

   你喜歡哪幾個(gè)姑娘?

  What girls do you like best?

   你喜歡什么樣的姑娘?

 說明2:

   Whom是who的賓格,在書面語中,它作動(dòng)詞賓語或介詞賓語,在口語中作賓語時(shí),可用who代替,但在介詞后只能用whom, 例如:

  Who(m) did you meet on the street?

    你在街上遇到了誰?(作動(dòng)詞賓語)

  Who(m) are you taking the book to?

    你要把這書帶給誰?(作介詞賓語,置句首)

  To whom did you speak on the campus?

    你在校園里和誰講話了?(作介詞賓語,置介詞 后,不能用who取代。)

 說明3:

   疑問代詞用于對(duì)介詞賓語提問時(shí),過去的文體中介詞和疑問代詞通常一起放在句首,現(xiàn)代英語中,疑問代詞在句首,介詞在句未,例如:

 For what do most people live and work?

    大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(舊文體)

 What are you looking for?

    你在找什么?(現(xiàn)代英語)

 說明4:

   疑問代詞還可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,例如:

 I can't make out what he is driving at.

  我不知道他用意何在。

 Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed? 

  你能告訴我床上的藍(lán)襯衣是誰的嗎?

 Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.

你說的我大部分同意,但并不完全贊同。

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2.11 關(guān)系代詞

1) 關(guān)系代詞用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。它代表先行詞,同時(shí)在從句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我講話的姑娘是我表妹。(該句中whom既代表先行詞the girl,又在從句中作介詞to的賓語。)

 2) 關(guān)系代詞有主格,賓格和屬格之分,并有指人與指物之分。在限定性定語從句中,that 可指人也可指物,見下:

      限定性   非限定性    限定性

      指 人   指  物   指人或指物

主 格   who    which     that

賓 格   whom    that     that

屬 格   whose  of which/whose  of which/whose

 例如:

  This is the pencil whose point is broken.

   這就是那個(gè)折了尖的鉛筆。

  (whose 指物,在限定性定語從句中作定語)

 

  He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回來取他丟下的書。

。╳hich指物,在限定性定語從句中作賓語,可以省略)

 3) 關(guān)系代詞which的先行詞可以是一個(gè)句子,例如:

  He said he saw me there, which was a lie.

  他說在那兒看到了我,純屬謊言。

 說明: 關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作賓語或表語時(shí)可省略, 例如:

  I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew. 

   我過去懂拉丁語,現(xiàn)在大都忘了。

  He's changed. He's not the man he was.

他變化很大,已不是過去的他了。

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2.12 every, no, all, both,...

1)不定代詞有

 all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。

 

 2) 不定代詞的功能與用法

  a. 除every 和no外不定代詞既可用作名詞,也可用作形容詞。every和no在句中只能作定語。

   I have no idea about it.

 

  b. all 都,指三者以上。

   all 的主謂一致:all的單復(fù)數(shù)由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。

   All goes well.  一切進(jìn)展得很好。

   all 通常不與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,如:不說 all the book,而說 the whole book。

   但all可與表時(shí)間的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,如 all day,all night,all the year; 但習(xí)慣上不說 all hour,all century。

   all還可以與一些特殊的單數(shù)名詞連用,如 all China, all the city, all my life, all the way

 

 3)  both 都,指兩者。

  a. both 與復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞連用,但 both… and…可與單數(shù)名詞連用。

 

  b. both, all 都可作同位語,其位置在行為動(dòng)詞前, be 動(dòng)詞之后。如果助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞省 去,則位于助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之前。

   Who can speak Japanese?  We both (all) can.

 

 4) neither 兩者都不

  a. neither作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

  b. 作定語與單數(shù)名詞連用,但neither… nor 用作并列連詞,可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用。其謂語采用就近原則。

  c. 可用于下列句型,避免重復(fù)。

   She can't sing,neither (can) he.

  neither 與nor

  d. 如前句是否定式從句,則主句用neither,而不用 nor。

   If you don't do it,neither should I. 如果你不干,我也不干。

  e. 如后連續(xù)有幾個(gè)否定句式,則用nor,不用neither。

He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate.

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2.13 none, few, some, any,...

一、 none 無

  1) none作主語,多與of 構(gòu)成短語 none of。 在答語中,none可單獨(dú)使用。      

  Are there any pictures on the wall? None.

  2) none作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)均可。但如做表語,則其單復(fù)數(shù)與表語一致。

    It is none of your business.

  

二、few 一些,少數(shù)

  few 作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),多用于肯定句。

三、some 一些

  1) 可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用。

  2) 當(dāng)做"某一"解時(shí),也可與單數(shù)名詞連用。(= a certain)

    You will be sorry for this some day.

    總有一天,你會(huì)后悔這件事的。

    A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.

    某些人不同意你的看法。

注意:

  (1)在肯定疑問句中用some代替any。

  (2)some用于其他句式中:

    a. 肯定疑問句中:說話人認(rèn)為對(duì)方的答案會(huì)是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答時(shí)。

    Would you like句式中,表委婉請(qǐng)求或建議,如:

      Would you like some coffee?

    b. 在條件狀語從句中表示確定的意義時(shí),如:

    If you need some help,let me know.

    c.  some位于主語部分,

    Some students haven't been there before.

    d.  當(dāng)否定的是整體中的部分時(shí),some可用于否定句。如:

    I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.

    這些年我沒有收到一些老朋友的信。

四、any 一些

  1) any 多用于否定句和疑問句和條件狀語從句中。

  當(dāng)句中含有任何的意思時(shí),any可用于肯定句。

   Here are three novels. You may read any. 這有三本小說,你可任讀一本。

五、one, ones 為復(fù)數(shù)形式

  ones必須和形容詞連用。如果替代的名詞時(shí)無形容詞在前,則用some, any,而不

用ones。

Have you bought any rulers? Yes,I 've bought some.

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2.14 代詞比較辯異one, that和it

one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類,但不是同一個(gè),而it 與所指名詞為同一個(gè)。

 I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)

 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買一頂。

 The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同類但不同個(gè))

 你買的那頂帽子比我買的大。

 

 I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物)

 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。

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2.15 one/another/the other

one… the other 只有兩個(gè)        

 some… the others  有三個(gè)以上

 one… another,another…

 some… others,others…

 others = other people/things

 the others = the rest 剩余的全部

 

 1) 泛指另一個(gè)用another。

 2) 一定范圍內(nèi)兩人(物),一個(gè)用one,另一個(gè)用the other。

 3) 一定范圍內(nèi)三者,一個(gè)用one,另一個(gè)用one (another),第三個(gè)可用the other,a third。

 4) 一定范圍內(nèi),除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。

 5) 泛指別的人或物時(shí),用others當(dāng)在一定范圍內(nèi),除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部時(shí),也用others。

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2.16 "the"的妙用

He is one of the students who help me.

  He is the one of the students who helps me.

  他是幫我的學(xué)生之一。

  第一句定語從句與the students 一致。

  第二句定語從句與the one 一致。

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2.17 anyone/any one;...

1.a(chǎn)nyone 和 any one

  anyone僅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。

2.no one 和none

 a)  none 后跟of短語,既可指人又可指物,而no one只單獨(dú)使用,只指人。

 b)  none 作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單,復(fù)數(shù)均可,而no one作主語謂語動(dòng)詞只能是單數(shù)。

 

 None of you could lift it. 你們中沒有人可舉起它。

 ---- Did any one call me up just now? --剛才有人打電話給我嗎?

 ---- No one.            --沒有。

3.every 和each

1) every 強(qiáng)調(diào)全體的概念, each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體概念。

   Every student in our school works hard. 我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生都很用功。

   Each student may have one book.. 每個(gè)學(xué)生都可有一本書。

2) every 指三個(gè)以上的人或物(含三個(gè)),each指兩個(gè)以上的人或物 (含兩個(gè))。

3) every 只作形容詞,不可單獨(dú)使用。each可作代詞或形容詞。

   Every student has to take one.

   Each boy has to take one.

   Each of the boys has to take one.

4) every不可以作狀語,each可作狀語。

5) every 有反復(fù)重復(fù)的意思,如 every two weeks等; each沒有。

6) every 與not 連用,表示部分否定; each 和not連用表示全部否定。

   Every man is not honest. 并非每個(gè)人都誠實(shí)。

Each man is not honest. 這兒每個(gè)人都不誠實(shí)。

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2.18 both, either, neither,...

這些詞都可用作代詞或形容詞。其位置都在be 動(dòng)詞之后,行為動(dòng)詞之前或第一助動(dòng)詞之后。

 1) both (兩者都),either(兩者中任何一個(gè)), neither (兩者都不)。以上詞使用范圍為兩個(gè)人或物。

  Neither of the two boys is clever. 兩個(gè)男孩都不聰明。

 

 2) both,either

  both與復(fù)數(shù)連用,either與單數(shù)連用。

  Both the boys are clever.  兩個(gè)男孩都很聰明。

  Either of the two boys is clever. 兩個(gè)男孩都很聰明。

  There are flowers on both sides of the street.

  (兩岸)

  There are flowers on either side of the street.

  (岸的兩邊)

  路邊長(zhǎng)滿了野花。

 3) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一個(gè)), none (都不)。 以上詞使用范圍為三者以上。

  All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都謝了。

  I don't like any of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡。

  I like none of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡。

 注意:all與none用法一樣。跟單數(shù)名詞,用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞;跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞,用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。

    All of the students are there.

      所有的學(xué)生都在那。

    All (of) the milk is there. 

      所有的牛奶都在那。

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2.19 many, much

Many,much都意為"許多", many + 可數(shù)名詞,much + 不可數(shù)名詞。

   How many people are there at the meeting?

   How much time has we left?

   Many of the workers were at the meeting.

Much of the time was spent on learning.

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2.20 few, little, a few,...

(a) few + 可數(shù)名詞, (a) little + 不可數(shù)名詞

 a few / a little 為肯定含義,還有一點(diǎn)

 few / little 為否定含義,沒有多少了。

 He has a few friends.   他有幾個(gè)朋友。

 He has few friends.    他幾乎沒有朋友。

 We still have a little time. 我們還有點(diǎn)時(shí)間。

 There is little time left.幾乎沒剩下什么時(shí)間了。

典型例題:

  Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes.

  A. little  B. few C. a little  D. a few

  答案: A. spend所指的是錢,不可數(shù),只能用little或 a little. 本句為although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句,由句意知后句為否定含義,因此應(yīng)用little表示幾乎不。

固定搭配:

  only a few (=few)  not a few (=many)  quite a few (=many)

  many a (=many)

  Many books were sold.

  Many a book was sold.

   賣出了許多書。

中學(xué)語法大全 倒裝

目錄

倒裝句之全部倒裝 17

倒裝句之部分倒裝 17

以否定詞開頭作部分倒裝 18

so, either, nor作部分倒裝 18

only在句首要倒裝的情況 19

as, though引導(dǎo)的倒裝句 19

其他部分倒裝 19

2.21 倒裝句之全部倒裝

全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和 一般過去時(shí)。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有:

 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。

  There goes the bell.

  Then came the chairman.

  Here is your letter.

 2) 表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語置于句首,謂語表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。

  Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.

  Ahead sat an old woman.

 注意:上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞,如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。

   Here he comes.   Away they went.

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2.22 倒裝句之部分倒裝

部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did,并將其置于主語之前。

 1) 句首為否定或半否定的詞語,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。

  Never have I seen such a performance.

  Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.

  Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

 當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句,主句倒裝,從句不倒裝。

注意: 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。

   I have never seen such a performance.

   The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.

典型例題  

1) Why can't I smoke here?

  At no time___ in the meeting-room

A. is smoking permitted  B. smoking is permitted

C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit

答案A. 這是一個(gè)倒裝問題。當(dāng)否定詞語置于句首以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 這些否定詞包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本題的正常語序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.

2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.

  A. man did know  B. man know  C. didn't man know  D. did man know

 答案D.  看到Not until…的句型,我們知道為一倒裝句,答案在C,D 中選一個(gè)。

 改寫為正常語序?yàn),Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 現(xiàn)在將not提前,后面就不能再用否定了,否則意思就變了。

2.23 以否定詞開頭作部分倒裝

如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than

  Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.

  Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.

  No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.

典型例題

No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.

A. the game began      B. has the game begun

C. did the game begin    D. had the game begun

答案D. 以具有否定意義的副詞放在句首時(shí),一般采用倒裝句(謂語前置)。這類表示否定意義的詞有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。

注意:只有當(dāng)Not only… but also連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí),才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only… but also僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語,不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

  Not only you but also I am fond of music.

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2.24 so, either, nor作部分倒裝

表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒裝!   

  Tom can speak French. So can Jack.

  If you won't go, neither will I.

典型例題

 ---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?

 ---I don't know, _____.

 A. nor don't I care  B. nor do I care  C. I don't care neither  D. I don't care also

答案:B. nor為增補(bǔ)意思"也不關(guān)心",因此句子應(yīng)倒裝。A錯(cuò)在用 don't 再次否定, C neither 用法不對(duì)且缺乏連詞。 D缺乏連詞。

  注意: 當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí),不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為"的確如此"。

  Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.

  ---It's raining hard.   ---So it is.

2.25 only在句首要倒裝的情況

Only in this way, can you learn English well.

  Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.

  如果句子為主從復(fù)合句,則主句倒裝,從句不倒裝

  Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.

2.26 as, though引導(dǎo)的倒裝句

as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 (形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前)。

注意:

    1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。

    2) 句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語和狀語,  隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語之前。

   Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

注意:

  讓步狀語從句中,有though,although時(shí),后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可連用。

2.27 其他部分倒裝

1)  so… that 句型中的so 位于句首時(shí),需倒裝。

   So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中:

  May you all be happy.

3) 在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞,可將if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主語之前,采取部分倒裝。

  Were I you, I would try it again.

典型例題:

1) Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is  

A. man did know  B. man knew  C. didn't man know  D. did man know

答案為D. 否定詞Not在句首,要求用部分倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。

2) Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted. 

A. didn't I realize  B. did I realize  C. I didn't realize D. I realize

 答案為B。

3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?

 I don't know, ___.

 A. nor don't I care  B. nor do I care 

 C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also

 解析:答案為B. 句中的nor引出部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句,表示前一情況的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。

中學(xué)語法大全 定語從句

目錄

定語從句 22

關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 22

關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 22

判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞 23

限制性和非限制性定語從句 24

介詞+關(guān)系詞 24

as,which非限定性定語從句 25

先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一 25

what/whatever/that... 26

關(guān)系代詞that的用法 26

2.28 定語從句

定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。

  關(guān)系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。

  關(guān)系副詞有:when, where, why等。

2.29 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。

1)who, whom, that

  這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:

  Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)

  He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)

2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換), 例如:

  They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.  那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。

  Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書。

3)which, that

  它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如:

  A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語)

  The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)

2.30 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。

1)when, where, why

  關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如:

  There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。

  Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。

  Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?

2)that代替關(guān)系副詞

  that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,例如:

  His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。

  He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。

2.31 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞

方法一: 用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如:

  This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.

  I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

  判斷改錯(cuò)(注:先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線;用不同的顏色表示出。)

  (錯(cuò)) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

  (錯(cuò)) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

  (對(duì)) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

  (對(duì)) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

  習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。

  方法二: 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。

例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?

  A. where B. that  C. on which  D. the one

例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

  A. where  B. that  C. on which  D. the one

答案:例1 D,例2 A

例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.

例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

  在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關(guān)系代詞,所以應(yīng)選D。

  而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn),既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中,介詞on 用的不對(duì),所以選A。

  關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中作主、定、賓語時(shí),選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí),應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語,when 時(shí)間狀語,why 原因狀語) 。

2.32 限制性和非限制性定語從句

1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開,例如:

   This is the house which we bought last month.   這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。(限制性)

   The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個(gè)月買的。(非限制性)

2) 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí),其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的,例如:

   Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。

   My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。

   This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動(dòng)人,我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。

3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù),例如:

   He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。

   Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝,這就叫做蒸發(fā)。

說明:關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

2.33 介詞+關(guān)系詞

1)介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。

2)that前不能有介詞。

3) 某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where 互換。

  This is the house in which I lived two years ago.

  This is the house where I lived two years ago.

  Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

  Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

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2.34 as, which非限定性定語從句

由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個(gè)主句,相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。

  As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

  The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.  

典型例題 

1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.

A. it  B. that  C. which  D. he

  答案C. 此為非限定性從句,不能用 that修飾,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成為句子,兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號(hào)連接。況且選he句意不通。

2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.

A. what B. which C. that D. it

  答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定語從句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句,it不為連詞,使由逗號(hào)連接的兩個(gè)句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。

3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..

A. that B. which  C. as  D. it

 答案B.

  as 和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整個(gè)意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn):

 (1) as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首,而which不可。

 (2) as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語時(shí),從句中的謂語必須是系動(dòng)詞;若為行為動(dòng)詞,則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.。

  在本題中,prevent由于是行為動(dòng)詞,所以正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為B。

As 的用法

例1. the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和……一樣……。

   I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

例2. as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句,常帶有'正如'。

  As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

  As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

 As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語;例2中,它充當(dāng)從句的主語,謂語動(dòng)詞know要用被動(dòng)式。

2.35 先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一

1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.

   (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)

 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.

  (what 可以用all that代替)

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2.36 what/whatever/that...

1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.

   (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)

 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.

  (what 可以用all that代替)

2.37 關(guān)系代詞that的用法

1)不用that的情況

  a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)。

    (錯(cuò)) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

  b) 介詞后不能用。

     We depend on the land from which we get our food.

     We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況

  a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。

  b) 在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí),只用that,不用which。

  c) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時(shí),只用that!

  d) 先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只用that。.

  e) 先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí)。

舉例:

  All that is needed is a supply of oil.

  所需的只是供油問題。

  Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 

  那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。

中學(xué)語法大全 動(dòng)詞不定式

目錄

不定式作賓語 28

不定式作補(bǔ)語 28

不定式主語 30

It's for sb/It's of sb 30

不定式作表語 31

不定式作定語 31

不定式作狀語 31

用作介詞的to 32

省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式 32

動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式 33

不定式特殊句型too…to… 33

不定式特殊句型so as to 34

不定式特殊句型Why not 34

不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 34

動(dòng)名詞與不定式 35

2.38 不定式作賓語

1) 動(dòng)詞+ 不定式

afford  aim   appear  agree  arrange  ask   be    decide bother  care choose  come  dare   demand desire  determine expect  elect  endeavor hope fail  happen  help  hesitate learn  long mean  manage  offer ought plan  prepare pretend  promise refuse seem   tend   wait    wish undertake

舉例: 

 The driver failed to see the other car in time.

   司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。

 I happen to know the answer to your question.

   我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。

2)動(dòng)詞+不定式 ; 動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…

 I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。

 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。

I want to speak to Tom.  我想和湯姆談話。

I want you to speak to Tom.  我想讓你和湯姆談話。

3) 動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

  Please show us how to do that. 請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?/p>

  There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī),我都拿不定主意買哪一種。

注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

   The question is how to put it into practice.

   問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。

2.39 不定式作補(bǔ)語

1) 動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式(to do)

advise   allow   appoint   believe   cause   challenge command  compel  consider  declare   drive   enable  encourage  find    forbid   force   guess   hire    imagine  impel   induce   inform  instruct  invite   judge    know    like   order    permit  persuade  remind   report   request   require  select send    state   suppose   tell    think  train   trust   understand urge    warn 

例句:

  a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.       

   父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠!?/p>

  b. We believe him to be guilty.

   我們相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法:

  Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ),或先加形式賓語,再加形容詞,最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et,have。

   I found him lying on the ground.

   I found it important to learn.

   I found that to learn English is important.

典型例題:

  The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead. 

  A. lying  B. lie  C. lay  D. laying  

答案:A.find的賓語后面,用分詞或分詞短語,起賓語補(bǔ)足語作用,F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng),也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。

2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu),作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞。

Acknowledge,  believe, consider,  think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel   find, guess,  judge,  imagine,   know,  prove,     see(理解), show,    suppose,     take(以為),   understand

   We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.

   我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。

典型例題

   Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. 

A. to invent B. inventing  C. to have invented  D. having invented 

答案:A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí),不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí),且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,因此不選C。

3) to be +形容詞

Seem,     appear,   be said,  be supposed,  be believed, be thought, be known,  be reported, hope, wish,  desire,   want,    plan,  expect,    mean…

 The book is believed to be uninteresting.

 人們認(rèn)為這本書沒什么意思。

4) there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

 We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。

注意 : 有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語做補(bǔ)語,如regard, think believe, take, consider.

 We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。

 Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。

2.40 不定式主語

1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了

easy, difficult,  hard,  important,  possible,  impossible, comfortable,  necessary,  better;  

the first,  the next,   the last,  the best, too much,  too little,  not enough

 It's so nice to hear your voice.

 聽到你的聲音真高興。

 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.

 當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候,鎖車是有必要的。

2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們,他真好。

Kind, nice,  stupid, rude,  clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly,  selfish(自私的)

例句:

   It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。

   It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西,這顯得太自私了。

注意:1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如,look,appear等也可用于此句型

   2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

   3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí),不能用It is… to…的句型

    (對(duì))To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。

    (錯(cuò))It is to believe to see.

2.41 It's for sb/It's of sb

1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn),表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult,  interesting, impossible等:

   It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。

2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

   It's very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我,你真是太好了。

 

for 與of 的辨別方法:

  用介詞后面的代詞作主語,用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語,造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of,不通則用for。如:

   You are nice. (通順,所以應(yīng)用of)。

   He is hard. (人是困難的,不通,因此應(yīng)用for。)

2.42 不定式作表語

不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面,形成表語。例如:

   My work is to clean the room every day.

   His dream is to be a doctor.

2.43 不定式作定語

不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如:

   I have a lot of work to do. 

   So he made some candles to give light.

2.44 不定式作狀語

1)目的狀語 

To… only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)

  He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。

  I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來僅僅是向你告別。

2)作結(jié)果狀語,表事先沒有預(yù)料到的,要放在句子后面。

  What have I said to make you angry.

  He searched the room only to find nothing.

3) 表原因

  I'm glad to see you.

典型例題

 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. 

 A. sit  B. sit on  C. be seat  D. be sat on

答案:B. 如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞,其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí),常位于"形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。

2.45 用作介詞的to

to 有兩種用法: 一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形; 一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種,即to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞:

admit to承認(rèn),       confess to承認(rèn),

be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于,  be used to 習(xí)慣于, stick to 堅(jiān)持,       turn to開始,著手于, devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于, be devoted to 致力于, look forward to 盼望,   pay attention to 注意

2.46 省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式

1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外,ought to):

2) 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make:

3) 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ),省略to。

 

注意:在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。

  I saw him dance.

 =He was seen to dance.

  The boss made them work the whole night.

 =They were made to work the whole night.

4) would rather,had better:

5) Why… / why not…:

6) help 可帶to,也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth:

7) but和except:but前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí),后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。

8) 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式,第二個(gè)to 可以省去:

9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后,可以省去to be: 

   He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。

舉例:

   He wants to move to France and marry the girl.

He wants to do nothing but go out.

比較:  He wants to do nothing but go out.

     He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.

典型例題

1) ---- I usually go there by train. 

  ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? 

  A. to try going  B. trying to go  C. to try and go  D. try going  

  答案:D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式,因此選D。

2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. 

  A. learn  B. to learn  C. learned  D. learning

  答案:B. make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式,當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí),to 不可省略。

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2.47 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window… 

  She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時(shí)候,她假裝沒看見。

典型例題

1)Tell him ___ the window. 

  A. to shut not  B. not to shut  C. to not shut

  D. not shut 

  答案:B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.

2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by. 

  A. not to see  B. not seeing  C. to not see

  D. having not seen 

  答案:A。 pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。

3)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. 

  A. never to drive  B. to never driver 

  C. never driving  D. never drive 

  答案:A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.

4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ____. 

  A. not to  B. not to do  C. not do it 

  D. do not to

 答案:A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式?梢灾挥胻o這個(gè)詞,而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等,否則不對(duì),因此B,D不對(duì)。

5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. 

  A. to eat no  B. eating not  C. not to eat 

  D. not eating

  答案:C。warn一詞要求后用不定式,此處為不定式的被動(dòng),否定形式為be warned not to do。

2.48 不定式特殊句型too…to…

1)too…to  太…以至于…

  He is too excited to speak.

  他太激動(dòng)了,說不出話來。

  ---- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?

  ---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。這箱子太重,恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。

2) 如在too前有否定詞,則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定, too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義,意 為"不太"。

  It's never too late to mend. (諺語)

   改過不嫌晚。

3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí),意思是:非常… 等于very。

  I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。

  He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

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2.49 不定式特殊句型so as to

1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。

   Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 

     湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。

   Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.

     輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去,別驚醒了嬰兒。

2) so kind as to ---勞駕

   Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?

     勞駕,現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。

2.50 不定式特殊句型Why not

"Why not +動(dòng)詞原形"表達(dá)向某人提出建議,翻譯為:"為什么不……?" "干嗎不……?"

例如:

   Why not take a holiday?

   干嗎不去度假?

2.51 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài)    主動(dòng)      被動(dòng)

一般式      to do       to be done

進(jìn)行式      to be doing  

完成式      to have done   to have been done

完成進(jìn)行式    to have been doing  

1) 現(xiàn)在時(shí):一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。

  He seems to know this.

  I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。

2) 完成時(shí):表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。

 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.

 He seems to have caught a cold.

3) 進(jìn)行時(shí): 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。

 He seems to be eating something.

4) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí):

 She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.

2.52 動(dòng)名詞與不定式

1) 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別:

 動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是: 狀態(tài),性質(zhì),心境,抽象,經(jīng)常性,已發(fā)生的

 不定式表達(dá)的是: 目的,結(jié)果,原因,具體,一次性,將發(fā)生的

2) 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞,意義相同。

3) 動(dòng)名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組:

  1 stop to do      stop doing   

  2 forget to do     forget doing

  3 remember to do    remember doing     

  4 regret to do     regret doing

  5 cease to do     cease doing       

  6 try to do       try doing

  7 go on to do     go on doing       

  8 afraid to do     afraid doing

  9 interested to do   interested doing 

 10 mean to do      mean doing

 11 begin/ start to do  begin/ start doing    

中學(xué)語法大全 動(dòng)詞

目錄

動(dòng)詞 37

系動(dòng)詞 38

什么是助動(dòng)詞 39

助動(dòng)詞be的用法 39

助動(dòng)詞have的用法 40

助動(dòng)詞do 的用法 40

助動(dòng)詞shall和will的用法 41

助動(dòng)詞should,would的用法 41

短語動(dòng)詞 42

非謂語動(dòng)詞 42

2.53 動(dòng)詞

1) 表示動(dòng)作中狀態(tài)的詞叫做動(dòng)詞。

2) 根據(jù)其在句中的功能,動(dòng)詞可分為四類,分別是:實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(Notional Verb)、系動(dòng)詞(Link Verb)、助動(dòng)詞(Auxiliary Verb)、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(Modal Verb)。

說明:有些情況下,有些動(dòng)詞是兼類詞,例如:

   We are having a meeting.  我們正在開會(huì)! (having是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。)

  He has gone to New York. 他已去紐約。

(has是助動(dòng)詞。)

3) 動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其后是否帶有賓語,可分為兩類,分別是:及物動(dòng)詞(Transitive Verb)、不及物動(dòng)詞(Intransitive Verb),縮寫形式分別為vt. 和vi.。

說明:同一動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。例如:

 She can dance and sing.

 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物動(dòng)詞。)

 She can sing many English songs.

 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物動(dòng)詞。)

4) 根據(jù)是否受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制,可分兩類,分別是:限定動(dòng)詞(Finite Verb)、非限定動(dòng)詞(Non-finite Verb)例如:

 She sings very well.

 她唱得很好。(sing受主語she的限制,故用第三人稱單數(shù)形式sings。)

 She wants to learn English well.

 她想學(xué)好英語。(to learn不受主語she的限制,沒有詞形變化,是非限定動(dòng)詞。

說明:英語中共有三種非限定動(dòng)詞,分別是:動(dòng)詞不定式(Infinitive)、動(dòng)名詞(Gerund)、分詞(Participle)。

5) 根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的組成形式,可分為三類,分別是:?jiǎn)巫衷~(One-Word Verb)、短語動(dòng)詞(Phrasal Verb)、動(dòng)詞短語(Verbal Phrase)例如:

  The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.

  英語里有許多短語動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語。(contains是單字動(dòng)詞。)

  Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.

  學(xué)生們學(xué)會(huì)查字典。(look up是短語動(dòng)詞。)

  The young ought to take care of the old.

  年輕人應(yīng)照料老人。(take care of是動(dòng)詞短語。)

6)動(dòng)詞有五種形態(tài),分別是:原形(Original Form)、第三人稱單數(shù)形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、過去式(Past Form)、過去分詞(Past Participle)、現(xiàn)在分詞(Present Participle)。

2.54 系動(dòng)詞

系動(dòng)詞亦稱聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞(Link Verb),作為系動(dòng)詞,它本身有詞義,但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語,后邊必須跟表語(亦稱補(bǔ)語),構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。

說明:

有些系動(dòng)詞又是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,該動(dòng)詞表達(dá)實(shí)義時(shí),有詞義,可單獨(dú)作謂語,例如:

   He fell ill yesterday. 

  他昨天病了。(fell是系動(dòng)詞,后跟補(bǔ)足語,說明主語情況。)

   He fell off the ladder. 

  他從梯子上摔下來。fell是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,單獨(dú)作謂語。

1)狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞

用來表示主語狀態(tài),只有be一詞,例如:

He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。(is與補(bǔ)足語一起說明主語的身份。)

2)持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞

用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:

He always kept silent at meeting.  他開會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。

This matter rests a mystery.  此事仍是一個(gè)謎。

3)表像系動(dòng)詞

用來表示"看起來像"這一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:

He looks tired.  他看起來很累。

He seems (to be) very sad.  他看起來很傷心。

4)感官系動(dòng)詞

感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:

 This kind of cloth feels very soft. 

  這種布手感很軟。

 This flower smells very sweet. 

 這朵花聞起來很香。

5)變化系動(dòng)詞

  這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣,變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.

例如:

  He became mad after that.  自那之后,他瘋了。

  She grew rich within a short time.  她沒多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間就富了。

6)終止系動(dòng)詞

表示主語已終止動(dòng)作,主要有prove, trun out, 表達(dá)"證實(shí)","變成"之意,例如:

  The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。

  The search proved difficult. 搜查證實(shí)很難。

  His plan turned out a success.  他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。(turn out表終止性結(jié)果)

2.55 什么是助動(dòng)詞

1)協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞(Auxiliary Verb)。被協(xié)助的動(dòng)詞稱作主要?jiǎng)釉~(Main Verb)。

助動(dòng)詞自身沒有詞義,不可單獨(dú)使用,例如:

   He doesn't like English. 他不喜歡英語。

(doesn't是助動(dòng)詞,無詞義;like是主要?jiǎng)釉~,有詞義)

2) 助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~完成以下功用,可以用來:

  a. 表示時(shí)態(tài),例如:

   He is singing. 他在唱歌。

   He has got married. 他已結(jié)婚。

  b. 表示語態(tài),例如:

   He was sent to England. 他被派往英國。

  c. 構(gòu)成疑問句,例如:

   Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學(xué)生活嗎?

   Did you study English before you came here?  你來這兒之前學(xué)過英語嗎?

  d. 與否定副詞not合用,構(gòu)成否定句,例如:

   I don't like him.  我不喜歡他。

  e. 加強(qiáng)語氣,例如:

   Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來參加晚會(huì)。

   He did know that.  他的確知道那件事。

3) 最常用的助動(dòng)詞有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would

2.56 助動(dòng)詞be的用法

1) be +現(xiàn)在分詞,構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),例如:

They are having a meeting. 他們正在開會(huì)。

English is becoming more and more important. 英語現(xiàn)在越來越重要。

2) be + 過去分詞,構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài),例如:

The window was broken by Tom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。

English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語。

3) be + 動(dòng)詞不定式,可表示下列內(nèi)容:

 a. 表示最近、未來的計(jì)劃或安排,例如:

   He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。

   We are to teach the freshpersons. 我們要教新生。

  說明: 這種用法也可以說成是一種將來時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)法。

 b. 表示命令,例如:

  You are to explain this. 對(duì)此你要做出解釋。

  He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來辦公室。

 c. 征求意見,例如:

  How am I to answer him? 我該怎樣答復(fù)他?

  Who is to go there? 誰該去那兒呢?

 d. 表示相約、商定,例如:

  We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點(diǎn)在校門口集合。

2.57 助動(dòng)詞have的用法

1)have +過去分詞,構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài),例如:

  He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。

  By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 

  上月未為止,他們已經(jīng)完成工作的一半。

2)have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞,構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí),例如:

  I have been studying English for ten years.

  我一直在學(xué)英語,已達(dá)十年之久。

3)have+been +過去分詞,構(gòu)成完成式被動(dòng)語態(tài),例如:

  English has been taught in China for many years.

  中國教英語已經(jīng)多年。

2.58 助動(dòng)詞do 的用法

1) 構(gòu)成一般疑問句,例如:

  Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通過大學(xué)英語測(cè)試嗎?

  Did you study German? 你們學(xué)過德語嗎?

2) do + not 構(gòu)成否定句,例如:

  I do not want to be criticized.  我不想挨批評(píng)。

  He doesn't like to study.  他不想學(xué)習(xí)。

  In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 過去,好多學(xué)生不知道英語的重要性。

3) 構(gòu)成否定祈使句,例如:

 Don't go there. 不要去那里。

 Don't be so absent-minded. 不要這么心不在焉。

說明: 構(gòu)成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。

4) 放在動(dòng)詞原形前,加強(qiáng)該動(dòng)詞的語氣,例如:

 Do come to my birthday party. 一定來參加我的生日宴會(huì)。

 I did go there. 我確實(shí)去那兒了。

 I do miss you. 我確實(shí)想你。

5) 用于倒裝句,例如:

 Never did I hear of such a thing.  我從未聽說過這樣的事情。

 Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.

只有在開始大學(xué)生活時(shí)我們才認(rèn)識(shí)到英語的重要性。

說明: 引導(dǎo)此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。

6) 用作代動(dòng)詞,例如:

 ---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜歡北京嗎?

 ---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜歡。(do用作代動(dòng)詞,代替like Beijing.)

 He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?

 他知道如何開車,對(duì)吧?

2.59 助動(dòng)詞shall和will的用法

shall和will作為助動(dòng)詞可以與動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí),例如:

   I shall study harder at English.  我將更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)英語。

   He will go to Shanghai.  他要去上海。

說明:

 在過去的語法中,語法學(xué)家說shall用于第一人稱,will 只用于第二、第三人稱。現(xiàn)在,尤其是在口語中,will常用于第一人稱,但shall只用于第一人稱,如用于第二、第三人稱,就失去助動(dòng)詞的意義,已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞,試比較:

 He shall come. 他必須來。(shall有命令的意味。)

 He will come. 他要來。(will只與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)。)

2.60 助動(dòng)詞should, would的用法

1)should無詞義,只是shall的過去形式,與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí),只用于第一人稱,例如:

  I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.

  我昨天給他打電話,問他我下周干什么。

比較:

  "What shall I do next week?" I asked.

  "我下周干什么?"我問道。(可以說,shall變成間接引語時(shí),變成了should。)

2) would也無詞義,是will的過去形式,與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí),用于第二、第三人稱,例如:

   He said he would come.  他說他要來。

比較:

   "I will go," he said. 他說:"我要去那兒。"

   變成間接引語,就成了:

   He said he would come. 

   原來的will變成would,go變成了come.。

2.61 短語動(dòng)詞

動(dòng)詞加小品構(gòu)成的起動(dòng)詞作用的短語叫短語動(dòng)詞(Phrasal Verb)。例如:

  Turn off the radio. 把收音機(jī)關(guān)上。(turn off是短語動(dòng)詞)

  短語動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成基本有下列幾種:

1) 動(dòng)詞+副詞,如:black out;

2) 動(dòng)詞+介詞,如:look into;

3) 動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞,如:look forward to。構(gòu)成短語動(dòng)詞的副詞和介詞都統(tǒng)稱為小品詞(Particle)。

2.62 非謂語動(dòng)詞

在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞分為三種形式:不定式,動(dòng)名詞,和分詞(分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)。

1)不定式

時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)

一般式 to do to be done

完成式 to have done to have been done

2)動(dòng)名詞

時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)

一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

3)分詞

時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)

一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

否定形式: not +不定式, not + 動(dòng)名詞, not + 現(xiàn)在分詞