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動詞時態(tài)講義

發(fā)布時間:2016-9-11 編輯:互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機版

時 態(tài)

Tenses

時 態(tài) 的 構(gòu) 成

(以動詞write為例)

一般 進行 完成 完成進行

現(xiàn)

在 write

(單三writes) am

is writing

are has

written

have has

been writing

have

wrote was

writing

were

had written

had been writing

來 shall

write

will shall

be writing

will shall

have written

will shall

have been writing

will

來 should

write

would should

be wrting

would should

have written

would should

have been writing

would

一、一般現(xiàn)在時 (The Present Indefinite)

一般現(xiàn)在時表示客觀事實,普遍真理,習(xí)慣性的動作,現(xiàn)在的特性等。它主要由動詞原形表示,但第三人稱單數(shù)作主語時,謂語動詞應(yīng)加詞尾s (be用 is, have 用 has):

一般現(xiàn)在時有以下基本用法:

1. 表示經(jīng)常、反復(fù)和習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài),例如:

He always sleeps with his windows open.

他總是開著窗戶睡覺。

Barking dogs seldom bite.

吠犬不咬人。

He smokes twenty cigarettes a day.

他每天抽20支煙。

2. 表示主語的現(xiàn)在職業(yè)、性格、特征、能力等,例如:

She is our English teacher.

她是我們的英語老師。

She has great concern for her patients.

她對病人很關(guān)心。

English is a language spoken all around the world.

英語是一種世界范圍的語言。

3. 表示客觀事實或普遍真理,例如:

The earth moves round the sun.

地球繞著太陽運轉(zhuǎn)。

Summer comes after spring.

春去夏來。

4. 表示按日歷、時刻表、規(guī)定或安排將要發(fā)生的情況,例如:

Tomorrow is Thursday.

明天是星期四。

The plane takes off at 9 a.m.

飛機上午九點起飛。

School begins the day after tomorrow.

后天開學(xué)。

5. 在時間或條件狀語從句中,表示將來的動作或狀態(tài),例如:

When you see Jack tomorrow, remember me to him.

明天你看到杰克時,代我向他問好。

If the rain stops, we'll be able to go out for a walk.

如果雨停了,我們就能出去散步了。

二、一般過去時 (The Past Indefinite)

一般過去時表示過去的動作或狀態(tài),這種動作或狀態(tài)可能只限 一次,也可能是經(jīng)常性的。動詞 be 的第一人稱單數(shù)和第三人稱單數(shù)的過去時形式為 was, 其余人稱和數(shù)為 were;have 的過去時形式為 had。行為動詞過去式的構(gòu)成:

一般情況下在詞末加 ed, 如:

cover -- covered work -- worked

以 e 結(jié)尾的動詞,只加 d, 如:

live -- lived love -- loved

以輔音字母加 y 結(jié)尾的動詞將 y 改為 i 再加 ed,如:

study -- studied hurry -- hurried

以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,而末尾只有一輔音字母( x 除外)的動詞,雙寫末尾字母再加 ed,如 :

stop -- stopped beg -- begged

不規(guī)則動詞見各類相關(guān)工具書。

一般過去時的用法如下:

1. 表示過去的動作或狀態(tài),常與表示過去的時間狀語(從句)連用,例如:

The first radio broadcast was heard on December 24, 1906.

1906年12月24日,人們第一次聽到無線電廣播。

She suddenly fell ill when she came here.

到這以后,她突然病倒了。

2. 表示過去連續(xù)發(fā)生的一系列事情,例如:

She entered the room, picked up a map and looked at it carefully.

她走進房間,拿起一張地圖,仔細(xì)地看著。

3. 表示過去一段時間內(nèi)經(jīng);蚍磸(fù)發(fā)生的事情,例如:

Whenever I went to his office, I would find him reading and writing.

每當(dāng)我去他辦公室時,總見他在讀書寫字。

When I was in a primary school, my teacher often praised me.

我上小學(xué)時,老師常常表揚我。

4. 在條件、時間狀語從句中表示過去將來的動作,例如:

They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.

他們說如果聽到什么關(guān)于他的消息,就通知我們。

三、一般將來時 (The Future Indefinite)

一般將來時的用法如下:

1. 表示將要發(fā)生的動作或情況,例如:

There will be a report on spaceships at 7 on Friday evening.

星期五晚上七點,將有一場關(guān)于宇宙飛船的報告。

2. “be going + 不定式”表示打算、準(zhǔn)備做的事或即將發(fā)生的事,例如:

Mr. Brown says he is going to buy a new car next year.

布朗先生說,他準(zhǔn)備明年買一輛新汽車。

I think it's going to rain.

我看快下雨了。

3. “be + 不定式”表示按計劃安排要發(fā)生的事或用來征求對方意見,例如:

I am to leave at eight o'clock this evening.

我應(yīng)在今晚八點離開。

Am I to go on with the work?

這工作我是不是要接著干下去?

4. “be about + 不定式”表示按計劃或安排即將發(fā)生的動作,通常不與將來時間狀語連用,例如:

He is about to retire.

他就要退休了。

The class is about to end.

課就要結(jié)束了。

四、現(xiàn)在進行時 (The Present Continuous)

現(xiàn)在進行時由助動詞 be 的現(xiàn)在時形式 am, is, are 加動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成方法為:

一般情況在動詞的詞末加 ing,如:

watch -- watching tell -- telling

以不發(fā)音的 e 結(jié)尾的動詞,去 e 再加 ing,如:

live -- living move -- moving

以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,而末尾只有一個輔音字母的動詞,先雙寫這一輔音字母再加 ing,如 :

plan -- planning get -- getting permit -- permitting

少數(shù)動詞為不規(guī)則變化,如:

lie -- lying die -- dying

現(xiàn)在進行時有以下一些用法:

1. 表示說話時正在發(fā)生的動作,例如:

I'm doing the swimming, and I'll decide when to get out.

我正在游泳,我會決定什么時候出水。

Look, the hands of the clock are pointing to half past eight.

看,時鐘正指在八點半。

2. 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作,雖然說話時并不在進行,例如:

They are compiling a Chinese English dictionary.

他們在編一本漢英辭典。

But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming.

但現(xiàn)在有人對白日做夢持一種新的見解。

3. 常與always, continually, constantly等副詞連用,不強調(diào)動作的進行而是帶有強烈的感情色彩,例如:

She is always complaining about her work.

她總是不斷地抱怨她的工作。(表示厭煩)

The prisoners are continually trying to escape.

這些囚犯們總是不斷地設(shè)法逃跑。(表示焦慮)

He is always thinking of what he could do for others.

他總是在考慮他能為別人做些什么。(表示贊揚)

4. 表示計劃中將要發(fā)生的動作,常與表將來的時間狀語連用,例如:

He is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow morning.

明天上午他要到上海去。

-Xiao Hong! -(I’m) coming.

-小紅! -來了。

五、過去進行時 (The Past Continuous)

過去進行時是由“was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。它有以下用法:

1. 表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作,例如:

I was practicing the violin at eight o'clock yesterday evening.

昨晚八點鐘我正在練習(xí)小提琴。

When he arrived home, his sister was doing her homework.

他到家時,他妹妹正在做作業(yè)。

2. 表示過去某段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作,例如:

In those years we were having a hard time.

在那些歲月里我們處境很困難。

She was watching TV all evening.

她整個晚上都在看電視。

3. 某些動詞如 come, go, leave, start, stay 等的過去進行時表示過去的將來要發(fā)生的動作,例如:

He went to see Miss Green. She was leaving early the next morning.

他去看格林小組,她第二天一早就走。

六、將來進行時 (The Future Continuous)

將來進行時由動詞 be 的一般將來時加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。它的用法為:

1. 表示將來某一時刻或某段時間正在進行的動作,例如:

This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Spain.

明天的這個時候,我將在飛往西班牙的途中。

I won't be free Friday morning. I'll be seeing a friend off.

星期五早上我沒空,我要給一位朋友送行。

2. 表示已經(jīng)決定了的一種將來的計劃或勢必要發(fā)生的動作,例如:

The Robinsons will be staying with us again this year.

魯賓遜一家人今年將再次和我們住在一起。

If we don't do so, we shall be repeating the errors of the past.

我們?nèi)绻贿@樣做就會重犯過去的錯誤。

七、現(xiàn)在完成時 (The Present Perfect)

現(xiàn)在完成時由“have (第三人稱單數(shù)has)+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。它主要有以下用法。

1. 表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果,例如:

I have lost my pen; I am unable to do my exercises.

我的鋼筆丟了;我沒法作作業(yè)了。

The city has taken on a new look.

這座城市有了新面貌。

2. 表示從過去某時到現(xiàn)在這段時間中發(fā)生的事情,例如:

He has learned a good deal since he came here.

他到這兒以來學(xué)到了不少東西。

We have planted many trees this year.

今年我們栽了很多樹。

It has been 10 years since I last saw you.

我已經(jīng)十年沒有見到你了。

3. 用在時間或條件的狀語從句中,表示將來某時已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作,例如:

We’ll start at 5 p.m. if it has stopped raining by then.

我們五點鐘動身,如果那時雨停了話。

I will give my opion when I have read the book through.

我把書看完了再提意見。

八、過去完成時 (The Past Perfect)

過去完成時由“had +過去分詞”構(gòu)成。它主要用于以下情況:

1. 表示在過去某一時間或動作以前已經(jīng)完成了的動作,例如:

I didn't go to the cinema because I had already seen the film.

我沒去看電影,因為這部影片我已經(jīng)看過了。

He suddenly remembered that he hadn't locked the door.

他忽然想起來他沒鎖門。

By the end of 1962, we had met the demand for petroleum.

到1962年底,我們對石油的需求已得到滿足了。

2. 表示一直延續(xù)到過去某一時間的動作,例如:

He had been ill for two weeks when we learned about it.

當(dāng)我們知道時,他已病了兩個星期了。

By the end of June they had treated 30,000 patients.

到六月底為止,他們已經(jīng)治療了三萬個病人。

3. 在含有 when, as soon as, before, after, until, now that 等連詞的復(fù)合句中,如果主句謂語和從句謂語表示的過去動作不同同時發(fā)生,那么先發(fā)生的動作通常需用過去完成時表示,例如:

He decided to go back to work now that he had got well.

既然身體好了,他決定回去上班。

It was not until I had read you letter that I understood the true state of affairs.

直到讀了你的信之后,我才明白事態(tài)的真相。

He had pressed the button before we could stop him.

我們還沒來得及阻止他,他已經(jīng)按了電鈕。

但如果兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生,則常用一般過去時,尤其是在包含有before和after的復(fù)合句中。

After we said goodbye to the villagers,we left the village.

在和村民門告別后我們就離開了村子。

As soon as he arrived,he gave me a phone call.

他一到就給我打了一個電話。

九、將來完成時 (The Future Perfect)

將來完成時由“shall/will have+過去分詞”構(gòu)成,主要表示將來某時業(yè)已發(fā)生的事情,例如:

The taxi will have arrived by the time you finish dressing.

到你穿好衣服的時候,出租車就會到了。

In another year or so, you will have forgotten all about me.

再過一年左右,你就會把我忘得一干二凈。

I shall have finished this one before lunch.

午飯前我就能完成這一個。

十、現(xiàn)在完成進行時 (The Present Perfect Continuous)

現(xiàn)在完成進行時是由“have/has been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。它表示從過去某一時間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在動作或狀態(tài);它有時也可用來表示現(xiàn)在以前這段時間內(nèi)反復(fù)發(fā)生的事情。例如:

He has been learning English for six months.

六個月來他一直在學(xué)英語。

The boys have been watching TV since seven o'clock.

自七點開始,男孩子們就一直在看電視。

We've been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.

最近我們常常見面。

十一、過去完成進行時 (The Past Perfect Continuous)

過去完成進行時由“had been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。它表示一個動作延續(xù)到過去的某一時間,例如:

He had been walking since ten o'clock and he was beginning to feel extremely tired.

從十點鐘起他就一直不停地走著,這時他開始覺得疲憊不堪。

When I got home, I found that Tom had been writing his letters.

我回到家,發(fā)現(xiàn)湯姆之前一直在寫信。

十二、將來完成進行時 (The Future Perfect Continuous)

將來完成進行時由“will/shall have been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。它表示某一動作一直持續(xù)到將來的某一時刻,例如:

By next summer she will have been working in the laboratory for three years.

到明年夏天,她在實驗室工作將有三年了。

On April 2nd, 2005, we shall have been living in the house exactly thirty years.

到2005年4月2日,我們就在這幢房子里住了整整三十年了。

十三、過去將來時 (The Past Future Indefinite)

過去將來時由“would/should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成。它主要用于下列情況:

1. 表示從過去某時看來將要發(fā)生的事情,例如:

They were sure they would win final victory.

他們堅信會贏得最后勝利。

2. 表示過去習(xí)慣性的動作,例如:

Every evening he would go and talk with the workers.

每天晚上他都和工人交談。

十四、過去將來進行時 (The Past Future Continuous)

過去將來進行時是由“would/should be+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。它表示從過去某時看將來要發(fā)生的動作,例如:

He asked me what I would be doing the next morning.

他問我第二天早上干什么。

I told him not to come at three o'clock because I should be having a meeting at that time.

我告訴他不要三點鐘來,因為那時候我在開會。

十五、過去將來完成時 (The Past Future Perfect)

過去將來完成時由“would/should have+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。它表示從過去某時看將來某個時間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作,例如:

She hoped that we would have got the plan ready before she came back.

她希望她回來前我們已經(jīng)把計劃做好。

I thought they would have told you about it.

我以為他們會已經(jīng)告訴你這件事了。

十六、過去將來完成進行時 (The Past Future Perfect Continuous)

過去將來完成進行時由“would/should have been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。它表示從過去某時看將來某時以前一直在進行的動作,例如:

They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years.

他們告訴我,到年底時他們在一起工作就要滿三十年了。

I found that next June I should have been going to this school for two years.

我發(fā)現(xiàn),到次年六月,我就已經(jīng)在這個學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)兩年了。