湖南隆回一中 羅玉南
I.情態(tài)動詞+have done的用法
“情態(tài)動詞＋have done”是歷年高考的熱點，但有些同學(xué)對這一結(jié)構(gòu)不甚了解。為了便于同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)，現(xiàn)將這種結(jié)構(gòu)的兩種主要用法借表歸納如下。
一、表示對過去情況的推測或估計
所用的句式 意義
must have done 肯定句 一定（已經(jīng)）……
may ／might have done 肯定句 可能／大概（已經(jīng)）……否定句可能還沒有……
can ／could have done 否定句 不可能（已經(jīng)）……疑問句 可能／也許（已經(jīng)）……了嗎？
說明：1眒ight ／could有時并不是may ／ can的過去式，而是表示一種委婉的語氣或更小的可能性。2眒ight have done有時可用于疑問句中，此時might就相當(dāng)于can ／could。
二、表示對過去所發(fā)生的事情的遺憾或責(zé)備
所用的句式 意義
should ／ought to have done 肯定句，否定句， 疑問句 本來（不） 應(yīng)該……的
might／could have done 肯定句 本來能夠／可以……的
need have done 否定句 本不必要……的
had better have done 肯定句，否定句， 疑問句 要是（沒有）干了……就好了
would rather have done 同上 本來想做……（卻未做）
說明：1．might have done有時可表示對過去發(fā)生事情的慶幸，意為“差點兒……”。如：
Didn't you see that car nearly hit me？I might have been killed．
你難道沒看見那輛小車差點兒撞上了我嗎？我差點就沒命了。
2幣注意needn't have done與didn't need to do的差別。
He needn't have come．他本沒有必要來。（實際卻來了）
He didn't need to come．他沒有必要來。（實際也沒來）
同學(xué)們在做有關(guān)“情態(tài)動詞＋have done”練習(xí)時，在掌握這一結(jié)構(gòu)的兩種基本用法的同時，還要仔細(xì)體會題干所提供的語言信息，準(zhǔn)確理解語言環(huán)境和說話人的含意，尤其要注意題干中時態(tài)給予的暗示。
鞏固練習(xí)：（練習(xí)題均為高考題）
1．-I stayed at a hotel while in New York．-Oh，did you？You ____ with Barbara．
A．could have stayed B．could stay鶦．would stay D．must have stayed
2．I didn't see her in the meeting room this morning．She ____鷄t the meeting．
A．mustn't have spoken B．shouldn't have spoken
C．needn't have spoken D．couldn't have spoken
3．He ____鷜ou more help，even though he was busy．
A．might have given B．might give鶦．may have given鶧．may give
4．-I saw our teacher in the office just now．-You ____鷋er，she is still abroad．
A．can't have seen B．mustn't have seen鶦．needn't have seen D．shouldn't have seen
5．Kate is already two hours late．What ____ to her？
A．can have happened B．may have happened鶦．should have happened D．must have happened
6．We ____鷏ast night，but we went to the concert instead．
A．must have studied B．might study鶦．should have studied D．would study
7．There was plenty of time．She ____ ．
A．mustn't have hurried鶥．couldn't have hurried鶦．mustn't hurry鶧．needn't have hurried8．Yesterday，Jane walked away from the discussion．Otherwise，she ____鷖omething she would regret later．
A．had said鶥．said C．might say鶧．might have said
9．-Did you scold him for his mistake？-Yes，but ____鷌t．
A．I'd rather not do B．I'd better not do
C．I'd better not have done D．I'd rather have not done
10．Sorry，I'm late．I ____鷋ave turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again．
A．might鶥．should C．can鶧．will
II. 情態(tài)動詞難點透視
英語中的情態(tài)動詞雖然為數(shù)不多，但是要掌握好它們的用法并不容易。本文結(jié)合同學(xué)們在使用情態(tài)動詞時不易掌握的難點談幾點看法。
1.can表示可能性時，指的是理論上的可能，它通常不用來表示某事實際發(fā)生的可能性或真實性。如：
Accidents can happen．Anybody can make mistakes．
如果我們要表達(dá)某事發(fā)生的實際可能性，要用may,could或might等。
We may spend our summer holidays in Hangzhou this year．
Will you answer the telephone﹖ It could／may／might be your mother．
2.could用來征求意見時，語氣要比can委婉，但在回答問題時我們不能用could,因為語氣委婉，可能性就變小了。如：
-Could I use your telephone﹖-Yes, please go ahead．
3.在過去時態(tài)的肯定句中需要某種條件或努力做成某事，我們要用was／were able to而不能用could。如：
It was a holiday and the children were able to go to the seaside．
The girl worked hard焥o she was able to pass the final test．
4．must與have to都可以表示“必須”的意思，但要注意以下兩點區(qū)別。
1) must只有現(xiàn)在時，而have to有現(xiàn)在時、過去時和將來時。如：
We must work hard, or we’ll fail in the examination．
Two years ago, the poor girl had to leave school for lack of money．
2) must表示主觀看法，have to則側(cè)重于客觀需要。如：
We must be strict with ourselves in everything．
In cities with many cars, some people have to wear masks．
5．must表示推測時，其反意問句有好幾種形式。
1) “must＋動詞原形”對目前的情況進(jìn)行推測時以及用must＋be＋-ing形式對目前正在發(fā)生的情況進(jìn)行推測時，疑問短語部分要與must之后的動詞相一致。如：
The mathematics teacher must be in the office now, isn’t he﹖
2) “must＋have＋過去分詞”用來表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行推論。如果句子中有過去的時間狀語，疑問部分用助動詞didn’t牱裨潁疑問部分用haven’t或hasn’t。如：
The children must have watered the tomatoes yesterday, didn’t they﹖
The minister must have arrived in Shanghai, hasn’t he﹖
6．shall可以用來征求對方意見。用于第一、三人稱。此外它也可以用來表示說話人的命令、警告、允諾、威脅或決心等，這時它用于第二、三人稱。如：
Shall she go to the concert with us this evening﹖ (征求意見)
You shall go to the front at once．(命令)
Don’t worry．You shall get the answer this very afternoon．
（允諾）鶫e shall be sorry one day．I tell you．(警告)
Nothing shall stop us from fighting against pollution．(決心)
7．在表示將來的時間、條件狀語從句中，不能用will（這時的will不是情態(tài)動詞，而是助動詞，幫助構(gòu)成將來時）。如：
If it will rain tomorrow, we shall not go to the mountain village．(誤)
If it rains tomorrow, we shall not go to the mountain village．(正)
當(dāng)情態(tài)動詞will表示意愿或決心時，是可以用于條件狀語從句的。如：
If you will listen to me, I’ll give you some advice on how to learn English．
如果你愿意聽我的話，我將給你提點學(xué)習(xí)英語的建議。
If you will come this way，the manager will meet you．
請您往這邊走，經(jīng)理現(xiàn)在要見你。
8．should除表示必要或義務(wù)外，還可表示推測或可能。如：
The American friends should be here now．
“should／ought to＋have＋過去分詞”既可表示本該做而事實上沒有做的事，也可以表示驚訝、贊嘆等情緒。如：
You should have told her about it the day before yesterday．
It’s wonderful that you should have achieved so much in these years．
“情態(tài)動詞＋have＋過去分詞”是很重要的一種句型，除should外，may, might, must, couldn’t, needn’t, ought to等都可以用于這一句型，但要注意熓褂貌煌的情態(tài)動詞熅渥擁囊饉季陀興不同。
9．ought to與should意思接近，大多數(shù)情況下二者可以互換，但是should談的是自己的主觀看法，ought to則更多反映客觀情況，在談到法律、義務(wù)和規(guī)定時使用。如：
We should／ought to help each other and learn from each other in our work．
She is your mother, so you ought to support her．
We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will．
10．need，用作情態(tài)動詞，僅用于否定句和疑問句，而不用于肯定句。在肯定句中要用must, have to, should, ought to或?qū)eed當(dāng)作行為動詞使用。如：
We need report the matter to the boss immediately．(誤)
We must report the matter to the boss immediately．（正）
We need to report the matter to the boss immediately．（正）
Dare的用法也一樣。
dare 與need 的用法
1).dare作為情態(tài)動詞,主要用于疑問句,否定句和條件從句中,一般不用于肯定句.
a. How dare you say I’m unfair ?
b. He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare she ?
c. If he dare break the rule , he will be punished .
2).need表示”需要”或”必須”,作情態(tài)動詞用時,僅用于否定句或疑問句. 條件從句中�！坝小匾�。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should代替.
a. You needn’t come so early.
b. --Need I finish the work today ?---Yes, you must./ No , you needn’t .
c. If you need go there , please let me know .
3).dare和need常用作實義動詞,有時態(tài),人稱和數(shù)的變化。所不同的是,在肯定句中,dare 后面通常接帶to的不定式; 在否定和疑問句中, dare后可接帶to或不帶to的不定式.
a .I dare to swim across the river b .He doesn’t dare (to) answer.
C .We need time and money.
d .The dining room needs / wants / requires cleaning every day .
= The dining room needs / wants / requires to be cleaned every day .
e. Does he need to take the medicine four times a day ?
III.情態(tài)動詞的測試熱點
本階段出現(xiàn)了不少“情態(tài)動詞＋have＋過去分詞”的句型。在此之前，同學(xué)們也學(xué)到了許多有關(guān)情態(tài)動詞的用法。筆者在文中對歷年來的高考試題進(jìn)行了分析，指出了歷年來高考試題對情態(tài)動詞的測試熱點，談到了使用情態(tài)動詞時應(yīng)注意的相關(guān)知識，供同學(xué)們參考，以期提高同學(xué)們運用所學(xué)知識的能力。
熱點一：情態(tài)動詞表示推測的用法
情態(tài)動詞must，can，could，may，might都可用來表示推測。其中，must所表示的可能性最大，最有把握，意為“一定”。注意，其否定式mustn’t表示“想必不”；表示“不可能”要用can’t或couldn’t。 may 和 might表示可能性時，主要用于肯定句中，might相對于may 來說，表示的可能性更小一些。 can和could主要用于否定句和疑問句中。
需要注意的幾點:
1.表示猜測，can一般不用于肯定句中，除非是“經(jīng)驗之談”。我們在SEFC Book 2， Lesson 30中學(xué)過這樣兩個表示“經(jīng)驗之談”的句子：鶦hildren can often get ill suddenly．（小孩常�？赡芡蝗簧）Certain things in the home can be dangerous，especially if you have young children．（家里的某些東西可能有危險，尤其是有小孩的時候。）上面兩句可以看作醫(yī)務(wù)工作者或撫養(yǎng)過孩子的人說的話，屬“經(jīng)驗之談”。
2．may和might都不用于疑問句中。如：（正）Can ／Could it be cloudy tomorrow ？（誤）May ／Might it be cloudy tomorrow ？
3．must的否定式是can't ／couldn't，不是 needn't或m ustn't。
4．would ＋V原形：想必現(xiàn)在／過去……；現(xiàn)在／過去可能……鶫e would be back today ／yesterday．想必他今天／昨天回來了。（他今天／昨天可能回來了。）
5．should ／ought to ＋V原形：想必現(xiàn)在／將來會……鶷he dinner should ／ought to be ready now．想必晚飯現(xiàn)在已備好。鶫e should ／ought to ring up this afternoon．想必他今天下午會打電話的。
6．will ＋V原形：將來一定／準(zhǔn)會……
Try your best，and your wish will come true．盡力吧，你的理想準(zhǔn)會實現(xiàn)的。
在近年來的高考試題中，測試may和might表示可能性的頻率較高，是一個熱點項目。
如：
Peter ＿＿＿＿ come with us tonight，but he isn’t very sure yet．(NMET’93)牘
A． must鶥． may C． can鶧． will
簡析：本題選B。本題的后半句暗示了選擇答案的條件。
Michael ＿＿＿＿ be a policeman for he’s much too short． (上�！�94)牘
A． needn’t鶥． can’t鶦． should D． may
簡析：本題選B。本題的后半句給出了理由。
-Are you coming to Jeff’s party﹖
-I’m not sure． I ＿＿＿＿ go to the concert instead．(NMET2000)牘
A． must鶥． would C． should鶧． might
簡析：本題答語部分中的“I’m not sure”暗示了說話者的語氣不肯定。因而，本題應(yīng)選D。 Johnny, you ＿＿play with the knif，you ＿＿＿＿ hurt yourself．(NMET’96)
A． won’t；can’t鶥． mustn’t；may鶦． shouldn’t；must D． can’t；shouldn’t
簡析：本題應(yīng)選B。第一空用mustn’t表示禁止，第二空用may表示可能。
情態(tài)動詞表示猜測的答題方法及考例精析
解答情態(tài)動詞表示猜測的試題時，一要清楚被猜測的時間，二要清楚有無客觀事實根據(jù)。若有客觀事實根據(jù)，則無論是肯定還是否定的猜測，猜測語氣最強(qiáng)且符合時間要求的為最佳答案；情態(tài)動詞表示猜測時語氣從強(qiáng)到弱的順序是：must，will，would，ought to，should，can，may，could，might。若無客觀事實根據(jù)，純憑主觀臆斷，則猜測語氣最弱且符合時間要求的為最佳答案。如：
1．I thought you __________ like something to read，so I have brought you some books．（MET 1986）鶤．may B．might鶦．could D．must
由題意可知被猜測的時間是（過去）將來，沒有客觀事實根據(jù)，猜測語氣要求最弱，所以正確選項是B。
2．Peter __________ come with us tonight，but he isn't sure yet．（MET 1993）
A．must鶥．may C．can D．will
由題意可知被猜測的時間是將來，沒有客觀事實根據(jù)，猜測語氣要求最弱，所以正確選項是B。
3．It __________ last night，for the ground was wet this morning．
A．must have rained鶥．may have rained鶦．must rain鶧．might rain
由題意可知被猜測的時間是過去，有客觀事實根據(jù)the ground was wet，猜測語氣要求最強(qiáng)，所以正確選項是A。
4．Mary __________ be in Paris，for I saw her in the town only a few minutes ago．（MET 1994）鶤．mustn't鶥．can't鶦．shouldn't鶧．may not
由題意可知被猜測的時間是現(xiàn)在，有客觀事實根據(jù)I saw her in the town a few minutes ago，猜測語氣要求最強(qiáng)，所以正確選項是B（can't是m ust的否定式）。
5.-There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well．
-It __________ a comfortable journey．（NMET 1995）
A．can't be B．shouldn't be C．mustn't have been D．couldn't have been
由題意可知被猜測的時間是過去，有客觀事實根據(jù)there were already five people．．．take me as well，猜測語氣要求最強(qiáng)，所以正確選項是D。
6．-When can I come for the photos？I need them tomorrow afternoon．
-They __________ be ready by 12：00．（NMET 1998）
A．can B．should C．might D．need
由題意可知被猜測的時間是將來，有客觀事實根據(jù)need them tomorrow afternoon，猜測語氣要求最強(qiáng)，所以正確選項是B。
7．-Are you coming to Jeff's Party？
-I'm not sure．I __________ go to the concert instead．（NMET 2000）
A．must鶥．would C．might D．should
由題意可知被猜測的時間是將來，沒有客觀事實根據(jù)，猜測語氣要求最弱，所以正確選項是C.
熱點二：情態(tài)動詞表示能力的用法
情態(tài)動詞表示能力時，一般用can／could或be able to 。be able to用于表示能力并且可用于各種時態(tài)，而can只有一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時兩種時態(tài)。此外，當(dāng)表示過去成功地做成了某事時，只能用was ／ were able to。如：
A computer ＿＿＿＿＿ think for itself， it must be told what to do．(MET’91)牘
A． can’t B． couldn’t鶦． may not鶧． might not
簡析：這里說明電腦不具備獨立思考的能力 故本題選A。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ＿＿＿＿get out．(NMET’97)牘
A． had to B． would C． could鶧． was able to
簡析：本題題意為“大火很快蔓延了整個旅館，但全體人員都脫離了危險�！�， 故本題選D。
熱點三：表示“許可”、“允許”的情態(tài)動詞
can／could may／might都可用來表示請求允許或許可。過去式could和might常用于疑問句中，表示禮貌。回答時，常用原形can或者may，不可再用過去式could或might。如：
-Could I borrow your dictionary﹖(MET’92)
-Yes, of course you ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿．
A． might B． will鶦． can鶧． should
簡析：本題的前一句用could提問，表示委婉的請求。回答時，應(yīng)用原形can。故本題選C。
熱點四：shall／should的用法
shall用于第一、三人稱的疑問句中，表示征求對方的意見，常譯為“要某人做某事嗎﹖”。shall也可用于第二、三人稱的陳述句中，表示說話人的意愿，有命令、警告、決心、強(qiáng)制、許諾或威脅之意。研讀歷屆高考題不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，should的考點主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面： 1）表示責(zé)任和義務(wù)，意為“應(yīng)該”；2）表示可能性推測，意為“很可能、該”；3）用于虛擬語氣中。
4)．should（not）have done結(jié)構(gòu)的用法�，F(xiàn)結(jié)合歷屆高考題對其用法作一歸納。
一、“should（ought to）have done”結(jié)構(gòu)意為“本來應(yīng)該……”，表示過去應(yīng)該做或值得做的事情而沒有做到，含有后悔、埋怨、責(zé)備等意味。該結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式“shouldn't（ought not to）have done”則表示過去做了不應(yīng)該做的事，意為“本來不應(yīng)該……卻……”。例如：
1.Jerry __________ have kept her word，I wonder why she changed her mind．（MET91）鶤．must B．should鶦．need鶧．would
2.We __________ last night，but we went to the concert instead．（MET92）
A．must have studied鶥．might study鶦．should have studied鶧．would study
3.I told Sally how to get there，but perpaps I __________ for her．（NMET94）
A．had to write it out鶥．must have written it out
C．should have written it out鶧．ought to write it out
4.Tom ought not to __________ me your secret，but he meant no harm．（MET93）
A．have told B．tell鶦．be telling鶧．having told
5.There was a lot of fun at yesterday's party．You ______ come，but why didn't you？（99上海）鶤．must鶥．should鶦．need have D．ought to have
6.I was really anxious about you．You __________ home without a word．（NMET2001）
A．mustn't leave鶥．shouldn't have left鶦．couldn't have left鶧．needn't have left
7.Oh，I'm not feeling well in the stomach．I _______so much fried chicken just now．（2002上海春季高考）
A．shouldn't eat鶥．mustn't have eaten鶦．shouldn't have eaten鶧．mustn't eat
二、“should have done”結(jié)構(gòu)還可以表示動作已經(jīng)完成，但含有感情色彩，表示驚訝、驚奇等意味。意為“竟，竟然，居然”。例如：鶬'm sorry that this should have happened．很遺憾，竟然發(fā)生了這種事情。
It is wonderful that you should have achieved so much in these years．這幾年你竟然取得如此大的成就，真是了不起！
三、should也可以用來表示“推測”，意為“可能；該”。相當(dāng)于be expected to。往往指具有一定的客觀根據(jù)或根據(jù)推理對現(xiàn)在某事發(fā)生的“可能性”進(jìn)行描述，語氣上不如must強(qiáng)。若對現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的事情的推測，則用should be doing結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
8．-Will Mr Wang offer us a hand？
-He__________ be glad to．He never refused our request．（92上海）
A．can鶥．must C．may D．should
9．-When can I come for the photos？I need them tomorrow afternoon．
-They __________ be ready by 12：00．（NMET98）
A．can鶥．should鶦．might鶧．need
10．It's nearly seven o'clock．Jack __________ be here at any moment．（NMET95）
鶤．must鶥．need鶦．should D．can
I don't think he should be sleeping now，is he？我認(rèn)為他現(xiàn)在不可能正在睡覺，是嗎？
四、“should like／love to do sth．”結(jié)構(gòu)意為“愿意／想做某事”�！皊hould like／love to have done”結(jié)構(gòu)則意為“本來想干某事，而當(dāng)時卻沒干”。例如：
11．Little Jim should love __________ to the theatre this evening．（MET92）
A．to be taken B．to take鶦．being taken D．taking
12．I should love __________ to Professor Smith，but I didn't get any more chance．（96上海）
A．to be introduced鶥．to have been introduced鶦．to have introduced鶧．introducing
He should like to have attended the evening party，but he was too busy．
他本想?yún)⒓舆@次晚會，可是當(dāng)時他太忙了。