Teaching Aims:

1. Students are expected to learn that links are needed between sentences to connect the ideas of the sentences to each other.

2. Enable students to understand and use.

Teaching Important and difficult Points:

Develop the students’ ability of using linking words.

Teaching Methods:

Explanation and exercise

Teaching Procedures:

Step1 lead-in

1. The World Food Program, set up in 1963, has three polices: firstly , to save lives in times of crisis by sending grains such as rice; secondly, to improve nutritional standards and the quality of life in poor countries; and thirdly, to help develop the resources of these countries and to help unemployed people because independent.

Time sequence words(時(shí)間順序關(guān)聯(lián)詞語)

2. Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, now, in the end, etc are time sequence words, which show the order of ideas or actions. They are linking words.

Links are needed between sentences to connect the ideas of the sentences to each other. Without these links, it is easy for readers to get confused. These links help readers work out what is going to happy next in a text.

3. Do you know how to plant a tree? Discuss the question in pair.

Firstly, we need to dig a hole and stand a stick in it. Secondly, we need to put the young plant into the hole and tie the plant to the sick. Finally, we need to put the earth back in the hole and water the area.

Cause and effect words (因果關(guān)系詞語)

They show reasons and results of doing something. Common expressions that show cause and effect include for one thing, therefore, so, as a result, etc.

●Reporter: Why did you organize the concert? Bob: Well, for one thing, I wanted to raise money for the hungry people.

● It rained; therefore the football match was postponed.

Contrasting words (對(duì)照關(guān)聯(lián)詞語)

They are also important links between sentences and introduce an idea that is in contrast to the idea mentioned before. Common examples include however, in contrast, instead, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, etc.

e.g.

● He is tired, let me go instead.

● The news may be unexpected; nevertheless, it is true.

Addition words(附加關(guān)聯(lián)詞語)

They introduce additional information. Common expressions that show addition include also, on top of something, above all, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover, etc.

e.g.

● He has made up his mind to go to the countryside, and I also. ● Also present at the meeting are the president himself and his wife. ● The task is difficult; besides, time presses.

Here are some more linking words.

1. Linking words that draw a conclusion, such as to conclude, on the whole, in conclusion, to sum up, in short, etc.

e.g.

● To conclude, you should eat healthily and exercise if you want to be fit.

● My son has a good job. My daughter has a good job. In brief, my wife and I do not have to support them financially any longer.

2. Linking words that give an example, such as for example, for instance, in this/that case, etc.

e.g.

● I have always been interested in sport, for instance, when I was at school I was in the swimming, running, and tennis teams.

● A: There’s no milk in the fridge.

B: In that case, I’ll drink water instead.

3. Linking words that show differences or similarities, such as likewise, yet, despite, in spite of, etc.

e.g.

● Tom comes home for lunch twice a week, and his sister Jane does likewise.

● I have given her a lot of useful advice, yet she has never taken any.

● Despite the heavy rain, they left to search for the missing boy.

Have a try:

1. Read the article on Page 9 (Part A), then fill in a chart.

Time sequence Cause and effect Contrast-ing Addition Other

2. Read the article on Page 9 (Part B), then fill in the blanks.

Answers:

(1) so (2) firstly (3) secondly (4) thirdly (5) However (6) For one thing

3. Rewrite the following sentences with the linking words.

1) You should fully prepare before going on a hike. Bring enough drinking water with you.

---You should fully prepare before going on a hike. Above all, bring enough drinking water with you.

2) People there never plant trees in spring. They have destroyed a big part of the forest by cutting down trees for commercial use.

--- People there never plant trees in spring. Moreover, they have destroyed a big part of the forest by cutting down trees for commercial use.

3) Leonard applied to the local college because the tuition is cheaper. He would prefer to go to school somewhere closer to home.

---Leonard applied to the local college because the tuition is cheaper. Besides, he would prefer to go to school somewhere closer to home.

4. Write a passage ‘Living In The City’ using proper linking words according to the chart below.

Advantages Disadvantages

找工作容易 生活消費(fèi)高

交通便利 人口多,擁擠

有公園、飯店等休閑場所 空氣污染、居住環(huán)境差

Sample:

Living in a city has advantages and disadvantages. First of all, it is easier to find work in a city. Secondly, there are always many choices of public transport. Besides, there are a lot of interesting things to do and places to see. You can eat in good restaurants, visit museums, go to cinemas and go to parts whenever you want to relax.

However, living in a city is often very expensive. You must find a well-paid job, otherwise, you will not be able to afford the things you will do. What’s more, the city is always crowded, noisy and dirty. It is very difficult to find a good place where people can enjoy peace and fresh air as in the countryside.

Homework:

1. Write down the composition after class.

2. Read the points on Page 8 and finish C1 on Page 100 in Wb.

3. Preview the Task part.