Step 1: General introduction
Let’s have a try, everyone! Can you give me correct answers to the following sentences?
高考鏈接
1. My cousin came to see me from the country, me a full basket of fresh fruits．(2006安徽)
A. brought B. bringing
C. to bring D. had brought
2. Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one . (2006安徽)
A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed
3. If you think that treating a woman well means always ______ her permission for things, think again.（2006湖南）
A. gets B. got C. to get D. getting
4. As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting _____.（2006湖南）
A. to use B. to be used C. to have used D. to be using
5. To a room above the store, where a party ______, some workers were busily setting the table. （2006湖南）
A. was to be held B. has been held C. will be held D. is being held
6. Don’t respond to any e-mails personal information, no matter how official they look.（2006天津）
A. searching B. asking C. requesting D. questioning
7. _______for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.（2006福建）
A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed
8. It is difficult to imagine his _______ the decision without any consideration.（2006陜西）
A. to accept B. accept C. accepting D. accepted
答案：1-5 BCDBA 6-8 CBC
Well done! Today we’ll learn a new Grammar item--PARTICIPLES
The grammar item in this unit focuses on verb-ed and verb-ing, both of which are also called participles. You will review the functions of verb-ed and verb-ing in different situations. You are expected to apply what you learn to practice by fulfilling some written tasks.
Step 2: Explanation:
1. 分詞的構(gòu)成
分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞�，F(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成為V+ing, 過去分詞構(gòu)成為V+ed。分詞也有一般式、過去式、完成式及主動和被動等各種形式。
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別
1) 在時態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進行，而過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成。
Developing countries 發(fā)展中國家
The developed countries 發(fā)達國家
Boiling water 沸騰的水
Boiled water 開水
2) 在語態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，而過去分詞表示被動。
The oppressing class 壓迫階級
The oppressed class 被壓迫階級
Burning fire 燃燒的火焰
Burned skin 燒傷的皮膚
3. 分詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)
1) 一般式（主動、被動）
分詞的一般式的主動式所表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，或在謂語動詞表示的動作之前發(fā)生。其被動式表示這個動作正在發(fā)生或與謂語動作同時發(fā)生，主要作定語、狀語或賓補。
E.g. When I entered the room, I found him reading. 當(dāng)我進入房間時，我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在讀書。
I found the flowers watered. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)花已澆過了。
The building being repaired is a hospital. 正在修建的建筑物是一家醫(yī)院。
He found the matter being talked everywhere. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)到處都在談?wù)撨@件事。
Being surrounded, the enemy were forced to put down their guns. 敵人被包圍，不得不繳械投降。
2) 完成式（主動、被動）
分詞的完成式表示分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。完成時態(tài)的分詞在句中常作狀語，一般不作定語。
E.g. Not having made adequate preparation, we postponed the sports meet.
由于沒做好充分的準(zhǔn)備，我們推遲了運動會。
Having been given such a good chance, how could he give it up?
給了這樣好的機會，他怎能放棄呢？
3) 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式與過去分詞的區(qū)別
過去分詞表示動作已完成，不強調(diào)時間概念，而現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式強調(diào)某一動作正在進行中。
E.g. The building repaired is library. 修建過的那個建筑物是我們的圖書館。
The building being repaired is our library. 正在修建的那個建筑物是我們的圖書館。
4) 延續(xù)性動詞和終止性動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞在時間含義上的區(qū)別
延續(xù)性動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于一個過去進行時時態(tài)的句子，而終止性動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于一個一般過去時的從句。
E.g. Walking in the street the other day (=While I was walking in the street the other day), I came across an old friend of mine. 那天我在馬路上走時，突然碰到了我的一個老朋友。
Arriving at the airport (=When I arrived at the airport), I found my light had taken off.
到達機場時，我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的班機已經(jīng)起飛了。
4. 分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)
分詞（短語）作狀語時，盡管在形式上它沒有主語，但其邏輯上的主語必須和謂語動詞的主語保持一致。
E.g. Studying in the college (=When I studied in the college), I learned a lot from my teachers.在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)時，我從老師那里學(xué)到了很多東西。
但是，分詞有時也有自己獨立的邏輯上的主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。它可以表示時間，原因，條件，伴隨的動作，有時還可用介詞with, without 來引導(dǎo)。
E.g. His mother being ill, he is absent today. 他的母親病了，他今天沒來。（原因）
Time permitting, they will start to do a new job. 如果時間允許，他們會開始做一項新工作。（條件）
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他滿臉是汗地沖進了房間。（伴隨）
They traveled a whole day, without any food eaten. 他們餓著肚子旅行了一整天。（伴隨）
注意：分詞用于獨立結(jié)構(gòu)時，如果分詞是being, having been done形式時，沒有實際意義的being或having been可以省略。
E.g. The old man was in a bad condition, his temperature (being) over 40℃ and his pulse (being) weak and rapid. 那位老人處于不好的狀況，他的體溫超過40℃，脈搏既弱又快。
The report (having been) read, a discussion began. 讀完報告，開始討論。
The experiment (having been) finished, we left the lab and went home. 實驗結(jié)束后，我們離開了實驗室回家了。
Step 3: Practice:
1. Let’s look at Part A on page 57. In this part, you’ll read a newspaper article about car pollution. You need to find out the participles used in the article and identify their functions. Write attr for an attribute and adv for an adverbial above each participle phrase.
Answers
leading attr released attr increasing attr breathing attr
noticing adv breathing related attr caused attr realizing adv
2. Now, please turn to Part B on page 57. By doing this part, you’ll have another chance to practise using the participles.
Answers
(1) pleased (2) interesting (3) confusing (4) annoying (5) amused
(6) tired (7) surprising (8) relaxing (9) excited (10) disappointed
Step 4: Exercises:
A. Complete the following English sentences according to the Chinese given in the brackets.
1. ________________________ (由于已經(jīng)被翻譯成多種外語), the book is popular all over the world.
2. The students went out of the examination spot with ________________________ (失望的表情).
3. The tower ________________________ (矗立在山頂之上) was built more than 200 years ago.
4. When ________________________ (穿越街道), you can never be too careful.
5. ______________________ (由于還沒有收到) his mother’s letter, he was very worried and wrote another.
B. Fill in the blanks with the words in the brackets in their proper forms.
1. ______________ (give) more time, he will make a first class tennis player.
2. ______________ (hear) that Li Yuchun will give a performance in the city, he got very excited.
3. My grandfather always tells me that the ______________ (labour) people are the wisest people in the world.
4. ______________ (be) a student in the new century, we should know what is honourable behavior and what is shameful.
5. When hearing the news that France was defeated in the World Cup, he felt ______________ (disappoint) because he likes the team very much.
6. He sent the company another e-mail, ______________ (hope) to get further information about the job.
7. Unless ______________ (invite) to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
8. Generally speaking, when ______________ (take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
9. Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases ______________ only to people with specific knowledge.
10. ______________ (depend) on the nature of materials, some waste can be thrown into the sea, but some can’t.
C. Multiple choice:
1. ________ at failing in the math exam, John wouldn’t like to talk about it to his parents.
A. Disappointed B. To be disappointed C. Disappointing D. Having disappointed
2. The performance of the host, ______ to please the audience and draw their attention, was greeted with a cold silence, however.
A. had intended B. intended C. intending D. to intend
3. –What did the doctor say yesterday afternoon?
--He said, “______ on time, this medicine will be quite effective.”
A. Taking B. Being taken C. Taken D. Having taken
4. The eighteen-storied building, when ______, will shut out the sun _____ up the rooms in my house.
A. completed; lighted B. completing; lighting
C. completing; lighted D. completed; lighting
5. At the end of 2002, there were around 3,000 foreign printing companies in China, ______ up around 2 percent of national total.
A. made B. to make C. making D. having made
6. _______ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
7. _______ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.
A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing
8. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ______ at the meeting by my boss.
A. questioning B. having C. questioned D. to be questioned
9. Alice returned from the manager’s office, ______ me that the boss wanted to see me at once.
A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling
10. Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents _______.
A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry
Answers
A. 1. Having been translated into several foreign languages
2. with disappointed expression
3. standing on top of the hill
4. crossing the street
5. Not having received
B. 1. Given 2. Hearing 3. labouring 4. Being
5. disappointed 6. hoping 7. invited 8. taken
9. known 10. Depending
C. 1-5 ABCDD 6-10 ABCDA
Step 5: Consolidation:
高考鏈接
1. I’m going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything ______?（2004上海春）
A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought
2. Victor apologized for ______ to inform me of the change in the plan. (2004上海春)
A. his being not able C. him not to be able
C. his not being able D. him to be not able
3. The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket ______ the desert. (2006湖南)
A. covering B. covered C. cover D. to cover
4. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always ______ the same thing. (2006江蘇)
A. saying B. said C. to say D. having said
5. Generally speaking, ______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect（2003上海）
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
6. ______ the meeting himself gave himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.（2003上海春）
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president’s attending
7. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _____ in making the earth a better place to live.（2003上海）
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
8. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ______.（2002全國）
A. it what to do with B. what to do it with
C. what to do with it D. to do what with it
9. ______ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. (2006四川)
A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face
10. There are hundreds of visitors ______ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh’s paintings. (2006上海)
A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait
11. With a lot of difficult problems _______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
（2002上海）
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
12. --- There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man.（2006江蘇）
--- My goodness! I can’t imagine _________ that old.
A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been
13. I really appreciate ________ to relax with you on this nice island.（2001上海）
A. to have had time B. having time
C. to have time D. to having time
14. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ________ the next year. (2002全國)
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
15. Mary, _______ here---everybody else, stay where you are. (2006年全國I)
A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming
16. Faced with a bill for $10,000, _______.（2006陜西）
A. an extra job has been given to John B. the boss has given John an extra job
C. an extra job has been taken D. John has taken an extra job
17. He hurried to the booking office only _____ that all the tickets has been sold out.（2006陜西）
A. to be told B. to tell C. told D. telling
18. When ______ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.（2006浙江）
A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared
19. AIDS is said ______ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.（2006湖北）
A. that it is B. to be C. that it has been D. to have been
20. Don’t sit there ________ nothing. Come and help me with this table.（2006湖北）
A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing
21. Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to ____ since the flood hit the area last Friday.（2006山東）
A. have been missing B. have got lost C. be missing D. get lost
22. _______ this cake, you’ll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar and 175 g flour.（2006廣東）
A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making
23. No matter how frequently ________ , the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.（2006廣東）
A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performed
24. Don’t use words，expressions or phrases_____only to people with specific knowledge. (2002全國)
A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
25. ________ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player. (2003北京)
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
Answers
1-5 BCAAB 6-10 DBCAC 11-15 CCBCA 16-20 DACDC 21-25 ACADD