1 conclude
vt.結(jié)束[(+by/with)]We concluded our meeting at 9 o'clock.我們九點(diǎn)鐘結(jié)束了會(huì)議。
推斷出,斷定[+that]
What can you conclude from these observations?你從這些觀察中能得出什么結(jié)論?
The judge concluded that the accused was guilty. 法官判定被告有罪。
(最后)決定(為)[+to-v][+that]
He concluded that he would wait a little longer.他決定再等一會(huì)兒。
He concluded to quit on pay day.他決定在發(fā)薪水這天辭職。
vi.結(jié)束,終了[(+with)]The meeting concluded after two hours.兩小時(shí)后會(huì)議結(jié)束了。
【習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】 to be concludeed (連載的文章)下期［次］登完
to conclude 最后（一句話）
"To conclude, I wish you all good health and a long life." "最后,祝大家健康長(zhǎng)壽。"
conclusion n. 結(jié)束, 締結(jié), 結(jié)論
【習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】
arrive at \come to \draw\ reach a conclusion
得出結(jié)論， 告一段落
at the conclusion of 當(dāng)...完結(jié)時(shí)
come to the conclusion that... 所得結(jié)論是..., 斷定
in conclusion 最后， 總之
bring sth. to a conclusion “使……結(jié)束”。
2 account n.
帳,帳目,帳單[C]
The accounts show we have spent more than we received.帳目顯示我們已經(jīng)入不敷出了。
帳戶;客戶[C]
The company is our best account.這家公司是我們的最佳客戶。
記述,描述;報(bào)導(dǎo)[C][(+of)]
The policeman gave an account of the traffic accident.警察敘述了交通事故的經(jīng)過(guò)。
解釋,說(shuō)明[C][(+of)]
John gave us a detailed account of his plan.關(guān)于他的計(jì)劃,約翰給我們作了詳盡的說(shuō)明。
根據(jù),理由[U]
He got angry on this account.由于這個(gè)緣故他生氣了。
重要性[U]; 利益,好處[U]
vt.把...視為
He accounted himself lucky.他自認(rèn)為很走運(yùn)。
He was accounted a first-rate actor.他被認(rèn)為是一流演員。
vi.報(bào)帳
解釋,說(shuō)明;對(duì)...負(fù)責(zé)[(+for)]
He could not account for his absence from school.他無(wú)法說(shuō)清楚為什么曠課。
【習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】
according to all accounts (=from all accounts) 根據(jù)各方面所說(shuō)
account for 說(shuō)明原因, 解釋 說(shuō)出(錢(qián)等的)用途, 交待(資產(chǎn))下落
close an account with 與 ...結(jié)清帳目
give an account of 報(bào)告, 敘述, 說(shuō)明
have an account to settle with sb. 與某人有舊帳要清算; 與某人有爭(zhēng)執(zhí)待解決
hold ... in great account 極重視
keep an account of 記錄, 記載
leave sth. out of account 不予考慮, 不予重視, 置之度外
make (much)account of 重視, 看重
make little\no account of 輕視, 看輕
of (much) account 重要的(man of account 要人)
of no account 不重要的, 無(wú)價(jià)值的
on account of 因?yàn)? 由于; 為了
on all accounts (=on every account) 無(wú)論如何, 總之, 從各方面考慮
on any account 無(wú)論如何
on no account (=not on any account) 決不可以, 切莫
on sb.'s account 為了某人的緣故
on this account 由于這個(gè)[那個(gè)]緣故
on that account 由于這個(gè)[那個(gè)]緣故
open an account with 與...開(kāi)一往來(lái)戶頭; 開(kāi)了...的頭
pay ... on account 把...付作定錢(qián)
settle accounts with 與...結(jié)算, 清算; 向...報(bào)仇
take account of (=take into account) 考慮, 斟酌, 計(jì)及
take an account of 把...列表, 把...登帳
take no account of 對(duì)...不予考慮; 對(duì)...不予重視
3 confirm vt. 證實(shí);確定[+(that)][+wh-]
His letter confirmed everything.他的信證實(shí)了一切。
堅(jiān)定;加強(qiáng)
The latest developments confirmed me in my belief.最新的發(fā)展使我堅(jiān)信我的信仰。
批準(zhǔn),確認(rèn)
The queen confirmed the treaty.女王批準(zhǔn)了此項(xiàng)條約。
4 delight
n. 欣喜,愉快[U]
To our delight, our football team won.令我們高興的是,我們的足球隊(duì)贏了。
She ran back home with delight.她興高采烈地跑回家。
樂(lè)事,樂(lè)趣[C]
He enjoyed the delights of New York's night life.他喜歡紐約夜生活的樂(lè)趣。
vt.使高興I'm delighted that you are back.你回來(lái)了,我很高興。
We were delighted to read your novel.我們很高興拜讀你的小說(shuō)。
The clown delighted the audience.小丑逗樂(lè)了觀眾。
vi.高興;喜愛(ài);取樂(lè)[(+in)]
She delights in her work.她喜愛(ài)她的工作。
【習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】
Take\find\ have delight in 喜愛(ài), 以...為樂(lè)
take a delight in 喜愛(ài), 以...為樂(lè)
to sb.'s delight 令人高興的是...
delight in 喜愛(ài), 以...為樂(lè)
注意：delightful adj. “令人愉快的”。
Eg. No news could be more delightful to me.
delighted adj. “愉快的”。
Eg. I’m delighted at your success/ to hear of your success/ that you succeeded.對(duì)你的成功我感到高興。
5 cautious a.十分小心的,謹(jǐn)慎的[(+about/of/with)]
The old lady is very cautious with money.那位老太太用錢(qián)很謹(jǐn)慎。
My nephew is a cautious investor.我侄子是個(gè)小心謹(jǐn)慎的投資者。
The boss is cautious about making promises.老板對(duì)承諾持謹(jǐn)慎態(tài)度。
The schoolboys are more cautious not to make any mistakes in spelling than ever before.
男學(xué)生們?cè)谄磳?xiě)時(shí)比以前更加小心,以避免發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤。
6 skillful adj. （常與at, in連用）有技巧的；熟練的
a skillful piece of work 一件有技術(shù)的工作
He is a skilful and effortless mechanic.
他是一位很有技巧、駕輕就熟的機(jī)械修理工。
skilled adj. (=skillful)熟練的; 有技能的
7 burst vt., vi. burst, bursting
突然發(fā)生, 突然發(fā)作; 闖入
She burst through the door. 她突然闖進(jìn)門(mén)。
burst with anger 勃然大怒
burst into tears 放聲大哭
burst into the room 闖入房間
充滿；滿盈 I am bursting with joy. 我高興得不得了。
n. 突發(fā)；猝起 a burst of laughter 突發(fā)的笑聲
【習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】
be bursting to do sth. 渴望, 急著要做(某事)
in sudden bursts 忽冷忽熱地工作 一陣一陣地
burst away 急速四散
burst forth 突然爆發(fā)出; 噴出 ;突然出現(xiàn)
burst in 闖入; 突然出現(xiàn); 突然...起來(lái); 突然發(fā)作
burst into 闖入; 突然出現(xiàn); 突然...起來(lái); 突然發(fā)作
burst out 大呼; 驚叫; 沖出; 突然發(fā)作
They burst out laughing. 他們突然大笑起來(lái)。
burst with 顯示富足 幾乎裝不下, 充滿
8 record n.記錄,記載[C][U][(+of)]
My wife keeps a record of our daily expenses.我太太將日常開(kāi)銷(xiāo)都記錄下來(lái)。
最高紀(jì)錄,最佳成績(jī)[C][(+for)]
He broke the record for the one-hundred meter dash.他打破了百米賽跑紀(jì)錄。
唱片[C][(+of)]
vt. 記錄；記載;錄制；錄音；錄像
to record past events 記錄過(guò)去的事
The songs were recorded by the radio company. 這些歌曲是由廣播公司錄下的。
【習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】
beat [break, cut] the [a] record 打破記錄
hold record 保持記錄
set (up) a new record 創(chuàng)新紀(jì)錄
keep a record (of) 記下來(lái), 記錄
off the record [美]不得發(fā)表的; 不得引用的; 非正式的
in record 有記錄在案
(go )on record 公開(kāi)發(fā)表見(jiàn)解; 被記錄下來(lái)
the coldest winter on record 有記錄以來(lái)最冷的冬天
9 enthusiastic adj. 熱心的, 熱情的; 熱烈的
be enthusiastic for [about] sth. 對(duì)某事熱心
become enthusiastic over a research project 熱衷于某個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目
10 concentrate on：集中, 全神貫注于
Eg. I can’t concentrate on my studies with all that noise going on.
Having failed my French exams, I decided to concentrate on science subjects.
相關(guān)歸納：（1）fix one’s … on sth.全神慣注于……；集中精力于……
Eg. He fixed his attention on what he was doing.
（2）be absorbed in全神慣注于
Eg. She was absorbed in her book while her parents were watching TV.
（3）devote … to …獻(xiàn)身于……；全身心地投入……
Eg. He devoted all his efforts to the experiment.
Unit 2
1 puzzle vt. 使迷惑;使為難,使窘困
What puzzles me is why they didn't show up.令我百思不解的是他們?yōu)槭裁礇](méi)有出現(xiàn)。
He looked a little puzzled.他看上去有點(diǎn)困惑。
苦思而得出[(+out)] I could not puzzle out her intentions.我猜不出她的意圖。
vi.感到迷惑[(+at)]
I have been puzzling about this question for weeks now.
我對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題已冥思苦想了好幾個(gè)星期。
苦思,冥思苦想[(+about/over/as to)]
n.(游戲的)猜謎,智力競(jìng)賽[C]; 難題,謎,難以理解之事;困惑,迷惑
Her decision was a puzzle to him.她的決定對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)謎。
I'm in a puzzle as to how to cope with the new situation.我不知道該如何應(yīng)付這新局面。
構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞puzzle over“對(duì)某事苦苦思索”；puzzle out“開(kāi)動(dòng)腦筋找到解決的辦法”。
Eg. She’s been puzzling over his strange letter for weeks.
The teacher left the students to puzzle out the answer to the problem themselves.
注意：puzzled adj. “無(wú)法了解的；困惑的”。
Eg. She listened with a puzzled expression on her face.
I was puzzled how to handle the situation.
puzzling adj. 表示某事“令人困惑的；莫名其妙的”。
習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】
be in a puzzle 不知如何是好
cross-word puzzle 縱橫填字游戲
puzzle about 苦思苦想
puzzle out 仔細(xì)考慮, 設(shè)法想出
puzzle over 苦苦思考
2 arise vi. 產(chǎn)生,出現(xiàn),形成[(+from/out of)]
Unexpected difficulties arose in the course of their experiment.
在他們進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程中,出現(xiàn)了意想不到的困難。
Between the copartners serious disagreements arose.合伙人之間產(chǎn)生了嚴(yán)重分歧。
arise, rise, raise
arise：（1）vi.發(fā)生；出現(xiàn)；呈現(xiàn)（2）短語(yǔ)：arise out of/ from因某事而產(chǎn)生、造成、引起
rise：vi.主要義項(xiàng)有：上升；起立；起床；升起；起義等。使用關(guān)鍵在于其不及物動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，不能跟賓語(yǔ)，不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。使用時(shí)不要受漢語(yǔ)意思的影響。
raise vt. 主要義項(xiàng)有：提升；提高；舉起；增加；籌措；提出；養(yǎng)育；飼養(yǎng)等。
Exercises:
(1) Use this money when the need ____.
(2) Are there any matters ____ the minutes of the last meeting?
(3) He ____ his voice in order to be heard.
(4) Her voice ____ in anger.
(5) He ____ to welcome me.
(6) The wind ____ - I think there is a storm coming.
(7) The river ____ by several meters.
(8) The book ____ many important points for our consideration.
(9) I ____ by my aunt on the farm.
(10) He ____ a lot of money with the help of the painter.
答案：(1)arises (2)arising from (3)raised (4)rose (5)rose
(6)is rising (7)has risen (8)raises (9)was raised
(10)has raised
3 abandon vt. 丟棄;拋棄,遺棄
The crew abandoned the burning ship.水手們離棄了燃燒中的船。
The broken bike was found abandoned by the river side.
人們發(fā)現(xiàn)那輛損壞的自行車(chē)被扔在河邊。
放棄,中止 abandon doing
He finally abandoned his reformist ideas.他終于放棄了自己的改良主義思想。
(與oneself連用)使放縱;使聽(tīng)任[(+to)]
She abandoned herself to despair.她陷入絕望之中。
They abandon themselves to drinking. 他們沉湎于飲酒。
4【習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】
in the name of 以…的名義；為了…的緣故；憑…的權(quán)威
in the name of the law 憑藉法律的權(quán)威
He attended the party in the name of his father. 以他父親的名義參加聚會(huì)。
make a name for oneself 出名，成名
He made a name for himself as a concert pianist.
他以交響樂(lè)鋼琴演奏家成名。
name sb. for 提名某人擔(dān)任(某職務(wù)) ;[美](為紀(jì)念某人)以其名字為...命名
name after 以...名字命名 ; 與（另一人）同名：
John was named after his uncle. 約翰與他叔父同名
be true to one's name 名副其實(shí)
5 push on：推動(dòng), 推進(jìn), 努力向前; 趕快；盡快
Eg. They’ve pushed all the work on me again.
We’re late; we must push on. 我們晚了，必須趕快點(diǎn)。
相關(guān)歸納：（1）push off：離開(kāi)（不客氣用語(yǔ)）
Eg. What are you doing in this garden? Push off at once!
（2）push one’s way擠過(guò)去
Eg. He pushed his way to the platform through the crowd.
（3）push alone繼續(xù)前進(jìn)；離去
Eg. It’s getting late; we must be pushing along.
push around 隨意使喚；擺布；粗魯?shù)貙?duì)待
push in 魯莽地插話；插手
6 dismiss vt. 讓...離開(kāi);把...打發(fā)走[(+from)]
He was dismissed from the hospital a week later.他一周之后出了醫(yī)院。
解散,遣散The teacher dismissed the class on time.教師按時(shí)下課。
免...的職;解雇;開(kāi)除[(+from)]
He was dismissed from his job.他被開(kāi)除了。
If you're late again you'll be dismissed. "你如果再次遲到,就將被解雇。"
(從頭腦中)去除,不考慮,拋棄[(+from)]
She dismissed the idea of going to Paris.她打消了去巴黎的念頭。
【律】駁回,不受理
The judge dismissed the case for lack of evidence.法官因缺乏證據(jù)而拒不受理這宗案件。
Unit 3
1 claim n. (根據(jù)權(quán)利而提出的)要求[C][U][(+for/on/to)]
Mary made a claim to the pencil.瑪麗認(rèn)為她應(yīng)得到這枝鉛筆。
(對(duì)某事物的)權(quán)利;要求權(quán);所有權(quán)[C][U][(+on/to)]
What claim does he have to the property?他有何權(quán)利要求得到這筆財(cái)產(chǎn)?
主張,斷言,聲稱(chēng)[C][+to-v][+that]
. (對(duì)保險(xiǎn)公司的)索賠[C][(+for)]
vt.(根據(jù)權(quán)利)要求;認(rèn)領(lǐng);索取
The old man claimed the land.老人要求得到這塊土地。
自稱(chēng),聲稱(chēng);主張[+to-v][+(that)]
She claimed that the ring was stolen, not lost.她聲言那只戒指是被偷的,而不是遺失的。
She claims to be a good pianist.她聲稱(chēng)是位優(yōu)秀的鋼琴家。
值得,需要
The trend claims our attention.這一趨勢(shì)需要我們予以注意。
vi.提出要求[(+on/for)]
【習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】
have no claim on 沒(méi)有對(duì)...要求的權(quán)利； 無(wú)資格得到
have no claim to 沒(méi)有對(duì)...要求的權(quán)利； 無(wú)資格得到
make a claim for 對(duì)（賠償?shù)龋┨岢鲆?..
注意：詞語(yǔ)搭配：enter/ file/ make/ put in a claim提出主張（要求）；give up a claim放棄要求；lay claim to宣稱(chēng)
2 differ
vi. 不同,相異[(+from)]
Our tastes differ from each other.我們的嗜好不同。
Japanese differs greatly from French in pronunciation. 日語(yǔ)發(fā)音和法語(yǔ)大不相同。
She differs from me in many ways. 她在許多方面都和我不一樣。
意見(jiàn)不同[(+from/with)]
That's where we differ.那是我們有分歧的地方。
【習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】
differ from 不同于; 和...不同; 和...意見(jiàn)不一致
differ in 在...方面不同
differ with sb. 與某人意見(jiàn)不同
3 resemble vt. 像,類(lèi)似[(+in)]
She was not beautiful; she did not resemble her mother.她不漂亮;她不像她的母親。
He strongly resembles his father. 他酷似他的父親。
Be alike to…像,類(lèi)似
4 vt. 喂(養(yǎng));飼(養(yǎng))[(+on/with)]
We feed the birds every day.我們每天給鳥(niǎo)喂食。
They fed him on biscuits.他們用餅干喂他。
;投入;供給;提供[(+with)]
This moving belt feeds the machine with raw material.這條傳送帶供給機(jī)器所需之原料。
【口】向...提供[O]
They fed him information.他們向他提供信息。
撫養(yǎng)(家庭)
He has a large family to feed.他有一個(gè)大家庭要撫養(yǎng)。
滿足(欲望等);加深(惡感等)
He did it to feed her vanity.他那么做是為了滿足她的虛榮心。
vi.吃;以...為食物;以...為能源[(+on)] feed … on
Sheep feed on grass.羊吃的是草。
相關(guān)歸納：（1）feed … to… 給……作為食物
Eg. Please feed some more stewed apple to the baby.
（2）feed … with… / feed … into…提供原料
Eg. The moving belt feeds the machine with raw material/ feeds raw material into the machine.
【習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】
be fed up with 吃得過(guò)飽 ；(對(duì)...)極其厭倦
be well\ poorly fed 吃得好[不好]
feed on 吃...過(guò)日子;從...中得到滿足[供養(yǎng)]
feed up 供給食物[營(yíng)養(yǎng)]; 養(yǎng)肥; 使吃飽
Unit 4
1 classify vt. 把...分類(lèi)， 分為同一等級(jí)
classify books by subjects 按學(xué)科將圖書(shū)分類(lèi)
be -fied as 分成［為］...類(lèi)
People who work in libraries spend a lot of time classifying books.
在圖書(shū)館工作的人花大量的時(shí)間為書(shū)籍分類(lèi)。
Eggs are classified according to size.雞蛋按大小分等級(jí)。
2 promote vt.晉升[(+to)]
Our teacher has been promoted to headmaster. 我們的老師已被提升為校長(zhǎng)了。
The young army officer was promoted (to the rank of) captain. 那個(gè)年輕的陸軍軍官已被提升為上尉。
促進(jìn);發(fā)揚(yáng);引起
The Prime Minister's visit will promote the cooperation between the two countries.
首相的訪問(wèn)將促進(jìn)兩國(guó)間的合作。
promote growth [prosperity, understanding] 促進(jìn)增長(zhǎng)[繁榮, 了解]
促使(法律等)通過(guò)
Promote a bill in Parliament.促使議案在議會(huì)獲得通過(guò)。
發(fā)起,創(chuàng)立
Several bankers promoted the new company.好幾個(gè)銀行家聯(lián)手創(chuàng)立了這個(gè)新公司。
【美】宣傳,推銷(xiāo)(商品等)
Your job is to promote the new product.你的工作是促銷(xiāo)這一新產(chǎn)品。
3 appoint vt. 任命,指派[(+as/to)]
They appointed him (to be) manager.他們?nèi)蚊麨榻?jīng)理。
He appointed Williams as his deputy in the city of York.
他任命威廉斯作為他在約克市的代理人。
appoint sb. to a post 派某人任某職
約定,指定;安排常與for連用）
to appoint a time for the meeting 指定開(kāi)會(huì)時(shí)間
Our visitors arrived at the appointed time.我們的來(lái)賓在約定的時(shí)間到達(dá)了。
appoint a time for the meeting 約定開(kāi)會(huì)時(shí)間
給...提供裝備
His house is well appointed. 他的房子設(shè)備齊全。
vi. 委派職務(wù)
4 expense, cost
expense n. 花費(fèi)；代價(jià)；費(fèi)用，表示“花費(fèi)的錢(qián)”時(shí)為可數(shù)名詞。短語(yǔ)at sb.’s expense“由某人付錢(qián)”；at great/little/no expense“花費(fèi)很大/很小/沒(méi)有花費(fèi)”；at the expense of“在損失……的情況下”。expensive adj. 昂貴的
cost n.價(jià)錢(qián)；價(jià)格；費(fèi)用，這時(shí)和expense通�？梢曰Q使用，cost還可以表示“代價(jià)、損失”的意思。短語(yǔ)at the cost of = at the expense of; at cost的意思為“按成本價(jià)格”；at all costs不惜一切代價(jià)。
Exercises:
(1) Most children in Britain are educated at the public ____.
(2) I want the best you can supply; you need spare no ____.
(3) He finished the job at the ____ of his health.
(4) He had his book printed at his own ____.
(5) House repairs, holiday and other ____ reduced her bank balance to almost nothing.
(6) The goods are sold at ____.
(7) We must at all ____ prevent them finding out about the plan.
答案：(1)expense (2)expense (3)cost/expense (4)expense
(5)expense (6)cost (7)costs
【習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】
spare no expense 不惜代價(jià)
at sb.'s expense 由某人付錢(qián)
5 reward：用作名詞和動(dòng)詞。主要義項(xiàng)有：報(bào)答；報(bào)償；報(bào)酬；酬金；給某人以報(bào)酬、獎(jiǎng)賞。用于reward sb. for (doing) sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。
Eg. He worked hard without any hope of reward.
He was given a medal as a reward for his service.
Is that how you reward me for my help?
Rather than being punished, he should be rewarded.
注意：比較award v.頒發(fā)；授予；賞給。用法為：award sth. to sb./ award sb. sth. n.獎(jiǎng)金
6 involve vt. involved, involving （常與in連用）牽涉；拖累
Don't involve other people in your trouble. 別把別人牽涉進(jìn)你的麻煩中去。
（常與in連用）使陷入
be involved in disaster 陷入不幸
包括，涉及
All the children were involved in the school play. 所有的孩子都參加了學(xué)校排練的劇。
This lesson involves a lot of work. 這一課需要做的工作有很多。
使專(zhuān)注；使忙于[(+in)]
He was involved in working out a plan. 他專(zhuān)心致志地制訂計(jì)劃。
需要,包含,意味著[(+in)][+v-ing]
His work involves occasional journeys.他的工作偶爾需要出差旅行。
7 relate vt. 講,敘述[(+to)]
To him we related our troubles, asking his advice.我們向他講述了我們的困難,請(qǐng)他指導(dǎo)。
使有聯(lián)系[(+to/with)]
Can you relate what happened in your childhood to your present state of mind?
你能否把你童年時(shí)的遭遇同目前的心境相聯(lián)起來(lái)?
vi. 有關(guān),涉及[(+to)]
I don't know to what this relates.我不知道這與什么有關(guān)。
符合[(+with)]
Your statement does not relate well with the facts.你的說(shuō)法與事實(shí)不太符合。
相處[(+to)]
She doesn't relate well to her peers.她和同輩處不來(lái)。
She doesn't relate well to her mother.她與她母親相處不很和睦。
8 pass away：去世
Eg. His mother passed away last year.
相關(guān)歸納：（1）pass down把……傳給后代
Eg. The custom has been passed down from generation to generation.
（2）pass on將某物傳交給某人；繼續(xù)前進(jìn)
Eg. Pass the book on to me when you’ve finished with it.
I passed her message on to her mother.
注意：英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)一樣，表達(dá)死亡根據(jù)不同的情況有不同的用詞。普通用詞為die, pass away為委婉的說(shuō)法。murder為“暗殺”，kill為“殺死”，hang為“絞死”。