【知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)】
一、重點(diǎn)詞匯與短語
1．接雙賓語的動(dòng)詞
（1）常見的能接雙賓語的動(dòng)詞有:accord, advance, award, bring, deal, forward, give, grant, band, lease, leave, lend, loan, mail, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, post, read, rent, repay, sell, send, serve, show, sing, take, reach, tell, write.
（2）另有一批動(dòng)詞, 也可跟兩個(gè)賓語, 但把間接賓語放在后面時(shí), 要改為由for引導(dǎo)的短語.
例如:
Father bought me a camera. (跟兩個(gè)賓語)
Father bought a camera for me. (包含for引導(dǎo)的短語)
這類動(dòng)詞常見的有:book, bring, build, buy, cook, cut, design, fetch, find, fix, get, leave, make, mix, order, paint, pick, play, prepare, reserve, save, set, sing, spare.
2．常見的與hand連用的短語:
an old hand內(nèi)行, 過來人
at first hand直接
at hand在手邊, 在附近
at second hand第二手的, 間接的
by hand用手, 用體力
hand in hand手拉手
on the one hand一方面
on the other hand另一方面
Hands off! 請勿動(dòng)手!
Hands up! 不許動(dòng), 舉起手來!
from hand to mouth現(xiàn)掙現(xiàn)吃地, 僅夠糊口地
give sb. a big hand 給某人熱烈鼓掌
Many hands make light work. 人多好辦事/人多力量大
3．學(xué)會(huì)用時(shí)間“time”
time一詞很普通，是常掛在嘴邊的詞, 試試翻譯下列口語中常用的句子：
1．What’s the time?
2．(How) Time flies!
3．Take your time!
4． (Only) Time will tell.
Keys: 1. 現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)？ 2. 時(shí)間過得真快！ 3. 別著急�。齺�!） 4. 時(shí)間會(huì)說明一切。
time一詞構(gòu)成很多固定搭配，你知道它們的意義嗎？
in time 及時(shí)，遲早
in no time 立刻，馬上
on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí)，正點(diǎn)
all the time 一直，始終
time and again 一次又一次地，反復(fù)地（也說：time after time）
at one time （過去）曾經(jīng)，一度
at a time 一次，每次
at the time 當(dāng)時(shí)，那時(shí)候
at times 有時(shí)候（sometimes）
for the time being 目前，暫時(shí)
keep up with the times 跟上潮流，不落后于時(shí)代
二、詞義辨析
1．gentle; mild; soft的區(qū)別
這組詞都表示 “溫和的”. 其區(qū)別是:
（1）用于人時(shí), gentle指 “舉動(dòng)溫和”,側(cè)重出于自我克制或?qū)Ψ降捏w貼; mild側(cè)重出于性格溫柔; soft指 “心腸軟, 言語婉轉(zhuǎn)”.
例如:
The boy has gentle spirit.
那男孩舉止文雅
I think the courts are too soft with these young offenders.
我認(rèn)為法院對這些犯法的年輕人太寬厚了.
（2）用于物時(shí), gentle可指事物運(yùn)動(dòng)變化的緩和; mild指適度, 祥和, 給人愉快的感覺; soft可指物質(zhì)的表面柔軟,光滑或聲音的溫和,低小等.
例如:
A warm, gentle breeze was coming from the sea.
海面吹來一陣柔和的暖風(fēng).
His eyes were no longer mild but glittered with a suppressed fury.
他的目光不再溫和, 而是迸射出壓抑的怒火.
2．certain; sure的區(qū)別
（1） sure強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀上, 心理上所信賴的事情, 含有自信, 有把握等含義. 該詞還可作禮貌用語, 表示某事有可能但不太確定.
例如:
I’m dead sure.
我絕對肯定
You may be sure about his honesty.
你可以確信他是誠實(shí)的
I am sure of his living to 70.
我確信他可以活到70歲
Make sure of your facts before you accuse him.
在你控訴他之前要事先確定事實(shí)
Do you feel sure about it?
你對此有把握嗎?
It is possible that he did so, but I am almost sure that he did not.
他有可能這么做, 但我?guī)缀蹩梢钥隙ㄋ麤]有這么做.
（2）certain強(qiáng)調(diào)無可爭辯的, 有肯定的理由和不容置疑的證據(jù). 語氣上強(qiáng)于sure.
例如：
It is certain to happen.
這是一定要發(fā)生的
He is certain of their loyalty.
他對他們的忠心沒有疑問
The evidence is certain.
證據(jù)確鑿
I think the train leaves at 8 o’clock but you ought to make certain.
我想火車是8點(diǎn)鐘開, 但你還是應(yīng)該確認(rèn)一下.
One thing was certain: the movement would never accept a man with primarily left-wing views as Party leader.
有一件事是確定的: 那就是這次運(yùn)動(dòng)絕不會(huì)接受持左翼觀點(diǎn)的人做黨的領(lǐng)袖.
三、重點(diǎn)句型
1．You might as well go stand upon the beach and argue with the sea. 你倒不如站在海灘上和大海爭論.
may/might as well do sth.是固定句式, 意為 “還是做某事為好; 不如去做某事”, 用于提供建議或要求.
如:
You may as well repeat the experiment.
2．It is useless trying to argue with Shylock. 試圖與夏洛克爭論是沒用的.
it is useless或it is (of) no use后常接動(dòng)名詞作真正的主語. 如:
It is no use your running away.
3．You wanted justice, so you shall get justice, more than you wanted! 你剛才要的是公正, 所以你會(huì)得到公正, 比你要的還要公正.
shall在此作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞, 與第二人稱連用, 表示許諾. 如:
You shall have the money as soon as I get it.
4．Next to them lay a cushion stone, upon which the man could work metal. 在它們的旁邊放著一塊墊東西的石頭, 這個(gè)人有可能在上面鍛造金屬.
本句用了全部倒裝結(jié)構(gòu). Next to them是介詞短語作地點(diǎn)狀語, lay是不及物動(dòng)詞, a cushion stone是名詞作主語, 這些都是全部倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的必要條件.
如:
On the stage sits a professor.
upon which引出一個(gè)非限制性定語從句.
如:
I saw a table in the corner, upon which lay a pile of books.
work此處用作及物動(dòng)詞, 意為 “(用手)制造或加工”.
如:
The farmer is working the soil.
四、語法復(fù)習(xí)
Review the use of “It”
一、代詞
1．it的基本用法是用來指代上文所提到的事物.
如:
A: Pass me a blue pen. B: Here it is.
2．it, that, one, the one, the ones用于指代用法時(shí)的區(qū)別:
it代替上文提及的原物(復(fù)數(shù)用they); one指代上文提及的, 泛指的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)(復(fù)數(shù)ones); that指代上文提及的定指的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞(復(fù)數(shù)those), the ones相當(dāng)于these, those.
3．指代不明身份或性別的人也用it; 指代喜愛的事物或?qū)櫸镆部梢杂胹he/he.
A: Who’s it (knocking at the door)?
B: It’s me.
The crowd moves on. No one tries to stop it.
My car needs some more petrol. Let’s fill her up.
二、虛義it:
虛義it指用作沒有具體語義的主語, 如表示時(shí)間, 天氣, 距離, 溫度等概念的用法.
When spring comes, it is getting warmer and warmer.
It is cooler in Tianjin than in Beijing.
It is only about half an hour’s ride from here to my home.
It looks as if the college is very small.
It seemed as though our plan would be perfect.
三、形式it:
由于句法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要, 常用it作形式主語, 而把真正的主語后置.
1．形式主語:不定式, 動(dòng)名詞以及主語從句作主語時(shí), 為避免 “頭重腳輕”, 要將真正的主語后置.
It is/was difficult (easy, hard, important, necessary, useful, fit, possible, a pity, a pleasure…) (for sb.) to do sth.;
1). It is/was kind (nice, wise, clever…) (of ab,) to do sth.;
比較:Sb. is/was angry (ashamed, delighted, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, thankful…) to do sth.;
2). It is better (interesting, tiring, enjoyable, funny, fun, a bore, a waste of time…) doing sth.;
3). It is clear (plain, true, certain, sure, obvious…) that clause +陳述語氣;
4). It is important (necessary, strange, a pity…) +that clause +(should) do;
5). It is a suggestion (my with) +that clause +(should) do;
6) It is ordered +that clause+(should) do;
7). Ii is high/very time that we should have lunch/had lunch here.
It is the first/last time that we have had lunch here (just).
It is the third time that we shall have lunch here (in a moment).
2．形式賓語: 當(dāng)不定式, 動(dòng)名詞, that從句作賓語, 又有自己的賓語補(bǔ)語時(shí), 要用it作形式賓語, 而把真正的賓語后置. 能夠用于形式賓語句型的動(dòng)詞有think, make, find, consider, feel, take等.
如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
The fisherman made it a rule that he never cast his net more than four times a day.
The ancient people took it for granted that the earth was flat.
We think it necessary reading aloud every morning to improve our English.
四、強(qiáng)調(diào)it: 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的某一處, 可以用 “It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who+其他 的句型.
如:
I met an old friend in the street last week.-
It was I who met an old friend in the street last week. (強(qiáng)調(diào)主語)
It was an old friend that I met in the street last week. (強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語)
It was in the street that I met an old friend last week. 強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語)
It was last week that I met an old friend in the street. (強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語)
注意: 一般強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間不能用when, 強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)不用where.
【考點(diǎn)透視 考例精析】
[考點(diǎn)] 多個(gè)形容詞修辭同一名詞時(shí)的順序。
[考例1] This _______ girl is Linda’s cousin.
A． pretty little Spanish B． Spanish little girl
C．Spanish pretty little D． little pretty Spanish
[點(diǎn)撥] 選A。多個(gè)形容詞修辭同一名詞時(shí)有一定的順序。下面一句話能幫助我們記住這一順序：“縣（限定詞）官（外觀、大�。┬校ㄐ螤睿┝睿挲g、新舊）宴（顏色）國（國籍）才（材料、用途）”。
[考點(diǎn)] 冠詞的用法。
[考例2] After dinner he gave Mr. Richard ______ ride to ______ Capital Airport.
A．the; a B．a(chǎn); the C．不填; a D．不填; the
[點(diǎn)撥] 選B。ride前用不定冠詞a 表泛指；Capital Airport是專有名詞，其前要用定冠詞the。
[考點(diǎn)] 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示現(xiàn)在或包括 “說話時(shí)刻” 在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間當(dāng)中進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
[考例3] Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ______ on the project day and night to meet the deadline. (上海 2005)
A．work B．working C．is working D．a(chǎn)re working
[點(diǎn)撥] 選C�，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示包括 “說話時(shí)刻” 在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間當(dāng)中正在做的事。主語中心詞是Professor Smith，所以要選is working。
[拓展] 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)還可以表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在某一階段不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，有“不斷地”或“一個(gè)接一個(gè)”的含義，有時(shí)還帶有不滿、抱怨等感情色彩。
【基礎(chǔ)演練】
一、根據(jù)所給首字母或括號中的漢語意思填寫句子空格中所缺的單詞。
1．This is a __ ____ (棘手的) case.
2．My interests are in _____ __ (沖突) with theirs.
3．Please p___ _ out three more sentences from the reading passage with object clauses.
4．The bomb e___ ___ but nobody was injured.
5．As is known to all, Canada is a ___ ____ (多元文化的) country.
6．It is known to us all that there are seven c__ ____ in four oceans in the world.
7．What my Chinese teacher said today i___ ____ me deeply and I would never forget it.
8．The mother put the little baby ___ ____(輕輕地) on the bed.
9．_______ speaking (一般說來), parents care more about their children’s health than about their own.
10． ur next-door n__ ____ says that she’ll look after our cat while we’re away.
二、單項(xiàng)填空
1．How I ___ ___him the pleasures he had during the vacation!
A．envy B．a(chǎn)dmire C．a(chǎn)ppreciate D．enjoy
2．–Do you still have the receipt, madam?
--No, I’m afraid I’ve ____ __.
A．torn it off B．torn it down C．torn it up D．torn it away
3．–Do you have any new dictionaries?
--We’ve got __ ____at the moment.
A．no one B．not one C．none D．neither
4．They spent three months at ___ ___sea before they went on __ ____shore.
A．the; the B．不填; 不填 C．the; 不填 D．不填; the
5．I promise that you ____ __have five dollars if you clean all the windows.
A．will B．to leave C．shall D．should
6．Since she is angry, we might as well __ ____her alone.
A．leave B．to leave C．leaving D．left
7．She will join us __ ____one condition: that we divide all the profits equally.
A．in B．for C．on D．to
8．It’s useless ___ ___to persuade him to get rid of that habit; he just can’t make ____ __.
A．trying; it B．to try; that C．trying; that D．in trying; it
9．Angkor Wat is a famous which _____ _the eleventh century.
A．dates back to B．dated back to C．dates in D．dated in
10．The famous actress came onto the stage with her boyfriend ____ __her.
A． accompanying with B． accompanying
C．a(chǎn)ccompanied with D．a(chǎn)ccompanied
【能力拓展】
1975, Microsoft: Bill Gates founded Microsoft with a group of school friends. Gates is worth ￡25billion
1976, Apple: Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs built the first ready-made PC in a garage, selling a scientific calculator and a Volkswagen microbus to pay for it. Apple is now worth ￡6.3 billion
1984, Dell: Michael Dell, 39, founded the Dell Computer Corporation, now the world’s biggest PC manufacturer, by selling custom-built PCs directly to customs. It is worth ￡37 billion and Dell’s personal wealth is believed to exceed ￡10 billion
1994: Linux Torvalds created the Linux operating system while studying at Helsinki university. From the start, the code was freely distributed. It is becoming more popular as an alternative to the Windows operating system. He has become wealthy with his company Transmeta.
1998, Google: Sergey Brin and Larry Page began their search engine in a friend’s garage. It is now reputedly worth about ￡25 billion
1999, Napster: Shawn Fettings quit college at 19 to create a music download site with his uncle. By 2000 it was worth 42￡million
1999: Evan Williams, 28, founded www.blogger.com. It now has more than a million registered users. In 2003 he sold it to Google
1．The underlined word “it” in paragraph 3 refers to ______
A．customers who buy PCs B．Dell computer corporation
C．Michael Dell D．Selling custom-built PCs
2．From the passage, we can infer the following EXCEPT_________
A．www.blogger.com belongs to Google now
B．Gates’ personal wealth is larger than that of Dell’s
C．Shawn Fettings creates a music download site all by himself
D．Microsoft has a longer history than Apple
3．Which of the following match is not correct?
A．Linux---Transmeta, Evan---www.blogger. com
B．Steve Jobs---Apple, Shawn ----Napster
C．Larry Page---Google, Bill Gates---Microsoft
D．Sergey Brin---Google, Linux---Dell
4．What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Famous computer companies
B．Net millionaires
C．How to run a computer company successfully
D．Being successful
參考答案
高二部分
Units 19-20 (B2)
基礎(chǔ)演練
一、1．troublesome 2．conflict 3．pick 4．erupted 5．multi-cultural 6．continents 7．impressed 8．gently 9．Generally 10．neighbour
二、1．A 2．C 3．C 4．B 5．C 6．A 7．C 8．A 9．A 10．B
能力拓展
1-4 BCDB
1．B這里的it應(yīng)該是指代上文提到的正在被介紹基本情況的戴爾電腦公司。
2．C Shawn Fetting是跟他的叔叔一起創(chuàng)建了第一個(gè)音樂下載網(wǎng)站，而不是他自己。
3．D Linux的創(chuàng)始人是Linux Torvalds，而不是Dell。
4．B 這篇文章主要是列舉了網(wǎng)絡(luò)富翁的情況。