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高考真題試卷電子版

時間:2024-10-23 17:22:50 考試試題 我要投稿
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高考真題試卷電子版

  從小學、初中、高中到大學乃至工作,我們都離不開試卷,試卷可以幫助學;蚋髦鬓k方考察參試者某一方面的知識才能。大家知道什么樣的試卷才是好試卷嗎?下面是小編精心整理的高考真題試卷電子版,僅供參考,希望能夠幫助到大家。

高考真題試卷電子版

  2024年普通高等學校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試(新課標Ⅰ卷)

  英語

  姓名________________ 準考證號________________

  全卷共12頁,滿分150分,考試時間120分鐘。

  考生注意:

  1. 答題前,請務(wù)必將自己的姓名、準考證號用黑色字跡的簽字筆或鋼筆分別填寫在試題卷和答題紙規(guī)定的位置上。

  2. 答題時,請按照答題紙上“注意事項”的要求,在答題紙相應(yīng)的位置上規(guī)范作答,在本試題卷上的作答一律無效。

  第一部分 聽力(共兩節(jié),滿分30分)

  做題時,先將答案標在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后,你將有兩分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題紙上。

  第一節(jié) (共5小題;每小題1.5分,滿分7.5分)

  聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題,從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽完每段對話后,你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。

  例:How much is the shirt?

  A. 19.15. B. 9.18. C. 9.15.

  答案是C。

  1. 【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻,請去附件查看】

  What is Kate doing?

  A. Boarding a flight. B. Arranging a trip. C. Seeing a friend off.

  【答案】C

  【解析】

  原文】M: Thanks for the wonderful weekend, Kate.

  W: Thats okay. Bob and I are glad you came to see us.

  M: Oh, I have to go in. My flight will take off soon. Do contact me when youre in Sydney.

  W: Sure, we will.

  2. 【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻,請去附件查看】

  What are the speakers talking about?

  A. A pop star. B. An old song. C. A radio program.

  【答案】B

  【解析】

  【原文】W: Paul, listen to the radio. Its Youve Stolen My Heart, one of the songs played at our wedding.

  M: Yeah, how beautiful! Its been popular for almost two decades.

  3. 【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻,請去附件查看】

  What will the speakers do today?

  A. Go to an art show. B. Meet the mans aunt. C. Eat out with Mark.

  【答案】A

  【解析】

  【原文】W: David, forget about Mark. His aunt is in town, so he cant go with us today.

  M: Oh, what a pity! Its the last day of the art show.

  4. 【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻,請去附件查看】

  What does the man want to do?

  A. Cancel an order. B. Ask for a receipt. C. Reschedule a delivery.

  【答案】C

  【解析】

  【原文】W: How may I help you?

  M: I bought a desk and asked for it to be delivered to my house this Friday.

  W: Yes, what’s the problem?

  M: I need to have it delivered this Saturday.

  5. 【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻,請去附件查看】

  When will the next train to Bedford leave?

  A. At 9:45. B. At 10:15. C. At 11:00.

  【答案】A

  【解析】

  【原文】W: Next, please.

  M: Oh, hi, I missed my 9 oclock train to Bedford. Do I have to buy another ticket?

  W: No. The next train leaves at a quarter to ten at Platform 11.

  M: Thank you.

  第二節(jié) (共15小題;每小題1.5分,滿分22.5分)

  聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾個小題,從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽每段對話或獨白前,你將有時間閱讀各個小題,每小題5秒鐘;聽完后,各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨白讀兩遍。

  聽下面一段較長對話,回答以下小題!敬颂幙刹シ畔嚓P(guān)音頻,請去附件查看】

  6. What will the weather be like today?

  A. Stormy. B. Sunny. C. Foggy.

  7. What is the man going to do?

  A. Plant a tree. B. Move his car. C. Check the map.

  【答案】6. A 7. B

  【解析】

  【原文】W: Honey, have you checked todays weather forecast?

  M: Yes, its cold and wet. There is a warning for strong winds up to 100 kilometers per hour.

  W: What are we going to do then?

  M: Nothing much. Just stay indoors. There is a risk of falling trees and power lines.

  W: Right.

  M: And the low temperatures could bring snow to the forest area.

  W: I hope its over quickly.

  M: Well, it wont get better until late Wednesday. Anyway, I have to move the car away from the trees.

  W: Yeah, you cannot be too careful.

  聽下面一段較長對話,回答以下小題。【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻,請去附件查看】

  8. Why is Kathy in California now?

  A. She is on vacation there. B. She has just moved there. C. She is doing business there.

  9. What is the relationship between Tom and Fiona?

  A. Husband and wife. B. Brother and sister. C. Father and daughter.

  10. What does Kathy thank Dave for?

  A. Finding her a new job. B. Sending her a present. C. Calling on her mother.

  【答案】8. B 9. B 10. C

  【解析】

  【原文】W: Hello, Dave. This is Kathy from Sunny California.

  M: Hi, Kathy. You finally called. How was the move? All settled in?

  W: Sorry, I hadn’t called sooner, but it’s been a busy month. We’re slowly getting things set up in our new home.

  M: Yeah, I understand. How are Jeff and the children?

  W: Jeff is doing well with his new job. Tom has made many new friends here and has a lot to do. Fiona is fine, though she misses her grandma. By the way, thank you for looking in on my mother from time to time. I call her every week, but it isn’t the same as seeing her.

  M: No problem. Betty and I are friends now. How is the weather there?

  W: It’s nice and warm, and we are able to spend some time every week on the beach with the children.

  M: That’s great.

  聽下面一段較長對話,回答以下小題!敬颂幙刹シ畔嚓P(guān)音頻,請去附件查看】

  11. How did Jack go to school when he was a child?

  A. By bike. B. On foot. C. By bus.

  12. What is Jacks attitude toward parents driving their kids to school?

  A. Disapproving. B. Encouraging. C. Understanding.

  13. What is the problem with some parents according to the woman?

  A. Overprotecting their children.

  B. Pushing their children too hard.

  C. Having no time for their children.

  【答案】11. B 12. C 13. A

  【解析】

  【原文】W: Jack, how did you get to school when you were in primary school?

  M: I lived close to my school, so I walked every day. Why?

  W: Well, I remember that when we were kids, we often walked, rode a bike or caught the bus to school. Few of us were dropped off at the school gate by our parents.

  M: I see what you mean, these days you can see traffic jams around schools that drop off at pick-up times, but it’s hard to blame the parents. They have good reasons for driving their kids to school, mostly to do with safety and convenience.

  W: You have a point there, but it could also mean children are missing out on much needed exercise and other life skills. Some parents are just being over-protective with their children learning nothing, but living in fear of everything. Studies have found that children who spend more time outside tend to be healthier, better adjusted and better at dealing with stress.

  聽下面一段較長對話,回答以下小題。【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻,請去附件查看】

  14. Why did Marie post her kitchen gardening online at first?

  A. To keep records of her progress.

  B. To sell home-grown vegetables.

  C. To motivate her fellow gardeners.

  15. Why does Marie recommend beginners to grow strawberries?

  A. They need no special care.

  B. They can be used in cooking.

  C. They bear a lot of fruit soon.

  16. What is difficult for Marie to grow?

  A. Herbs. B. Carrots. C. Pears.

  17. What is Maries advice to those interested in kitchen gardening?

  A. Aim high. B. Keep focused. C. Stay optimistic.

  【答案】14. A 15. C 16. B 17. C

  【解析】

  【原文】M: So Aurie, your kitchen garden looks excellent. What made you turn to social media to record your vegetable growing?

  W: Initially, I used the online platform as a diary, something to look back on, giving me a sense of achievements and keeping me motivated and moving forward. As time went by, other gardeners and like-minded people began to follow my progress, too.

  M: I know you grow lots of fruit on your land. Which would you recommend to beginners as the best to grow?

  W: Strawberries would be a good choice. They produce a lot of fruit in their first season.

  M: Thats cool. Well, do you have plans to try newor any particular crops next year?

  W: Next season I will be adding some pear trees to the fruit area. I will be adding more herbs which I can use in the kitchen. After a couple of years of failure, I will try growing carrots again.

  M: What advice would you offer someone thinkingof doing kitchen gardening?

  W: Have a plan of what you want your kitchen garden to look like. Dont be too discouraged if things dont go according to plan. Learn from your mistakes and move on. Theres always next season.

  聽下面一段獨白,回答以下小題!敬颂幙刹シ畔嚓P(guān)音頻,請去附件查看】

  18. What is "Life of Johnson"?

  A. A magazine column. B. A TV series. C. A historical novel.

  19. What is Johnson famous for?

  A. His acting talent. B. His humorous writing. C. His long sports career.

  20. When did Johnson join Sports Times?

  A. In 1981. B. In 1983. C. In 1985.

  【答案】18. A 19. B 20. C

  【解析】

  【原文】M: Welcome to Meet the Author. Well, many readers of Sports Times turn to the last page of their magazine first in order to read Jacob Johnsons weekly article under the title Life of Johnson, the articles along with his novels and essay collections have earned Johnson the reputation as one of the funniest humans on the planet. Johnson began writing about sports as a second-year student at the University of Colorado, covering high school volleyball games for his hometown newspaper. After graduating in 1981, he moved on to work at the Denver Weekly for 2 years and the Los Angeles Post for two more years before landing at Sports Times. He has been voted national sports writer of the year 11 times. So now lets welcome the funny man with serious tone, Jacob Johnson.

  第二部分 閱讀(共兩節(jié),滿分50分)

  第一節(jié) (共15小題;每小題2.5分,滿分37.5分)

  閱讀下列短文,從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出最佳選項。

  A

  HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM

  Help restore and protect Marins natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge. Well explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive (侵入的) plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.

  GROUPS

  Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance. Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form.

  AGE, SKILLS, WHAT TO BRING

  Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.

  Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form. Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed.

  Well be working rain or shine. Wear clothes that can get dirty. Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.

  Bring a personal water bottle, sunscreen, and lunch.

  No experience necessary. Training and tools will be provided. Fulfills (滿足) community service requirements.

  UPCOMING EVENTS

  Time Meeting Location

  Sunday, Jan. 15 10:00 am — 1:00 pm Battery Alexander Trailhead

  Sunday, Jan. 22 10:00 am — 2:30 pm Stinson Beach Parking Lot

  Sunday, Jan. 29 9:30 am — 2:30 pm Coyote Ridge Trailhead

  21. What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team?

  A. To discover mineral resources. B. To develop new wildlife parks.

  C. To protect the local ecosystem. D. To conduct biological research.

  22. What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team?

  A. 5. B. 10. C. 15. D. 18.

  23. What are the volunteers expected to do?

  A. Bring their own tools. B. Work even in bad weather.

  C. Wear a team uniform. D. Do at least three projects.

  【答案】21. C 22. B 23. B

  【解析】

  【導語】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了參加保護當?shù)厣鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)的棲息地恢復(fù)小組的時間地點等相關(guān)細節(jié)。

  【21題詳解】

  細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Help restore and protect Marin’s natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge. We’ll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive (侵入的) plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys. (幫助恢復(fù)和保護從馬林海岬到波利納斯嶺的馬林海的自然區(qū)域。我們將探索美麗的公園場地,同時進行入侵植物清除、冬季種植和種子收集。棲息地恢復(fù)小組的志愿者在恢復(fù)敏感資源和保護山脊和山谷中的瀕危物種方面發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用)”可知,棲息地恢復(fù)小組的目的是保護當?shù)厣鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C項。

  【22題詳解】

  細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. (歡迎10歲及以上的志愿者)”可知,參加棲息地恢復(fù)小組的最低年齡限制是10歲。故選B項。

  【23題詳解】

  細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段“We’ll be working rain or shine. (我們將風雨無阻地工作)”可知,身為志愿者,即使天氣不好也要工作。故選B項。

  B

  “I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (針灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (獸醫(yī)) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩療法) and herbal medicine.

  Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.

  Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.

  Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.”

  24. What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him?

  A. He’s odd. B. He’s strict. C. He’s brave. D. He’s rude.

  25. Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets?

  A. He was trained in it at university. B. He was inspired by another veterinarian.

  C. He benefited from it as a patient. D. He wanted to save money for pet owners.

  26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?

  A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work.

  C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine.

  27. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association?

  A. To prove Farber’s point. B. To emphasize its importance.

  C. To praise veterinarians. D. To advocate animal protection.

  【答案】24. A 25. C 26. D 27. A

  【解析】

  【導語】本文是記敘文。文章講述獸醫(yī)威廉·法伯(William Farber)博士在從針灸中受益后,將綜合醫(yī)療應(yīng)用于動物,并取得了初步成效。

  【24題詳解】

  細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的“If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.( 如果他看起來有點自衛(wèi),那可能是因為他的一些同事偶爾會嘲笑他不尋常的方法。) ”可知,F(xiàn)arber的同事們有時會嘲笑他不尋常的方法,他們認為他很奇怪。故選A。

  【25題詳解】

  細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.(然后,他嘗試了針灸,這是一種古老的中國療法,并驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)過兩三次治療,他的病情有所好轉(zhuǎn)。對獸醫(yī)有效的方法似乎對他的病人也有效。因此,在研究了這些技術(shù)幾年后,他開始把它們提供給寵物。)”可知,F(xiàn)arber作為患者從針灸中受益,這促使他決定嘗試在寵物上使用針灸。故選C。

  【26題詳解】

  主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代爾的狗查理患有嚴重的心臟病。廷代爾說,查理心臟病發(fā)作后,她準備讓他進入睡眠狀態(tài),但法伯的治療大大減輕了她的狗的痛苦,她能夠讓它多活五個月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)報告說,她的馬納皮(Nappy)經(jīng)過脊椎按摩調(diào)整后,“行動更容易,乘車更舒服”。) ”可知,本段主要講述了兩個例子,一個是Farber通過整體醫(yī)學方法幫助了患有嚴重心臟病的狗Charlie,另一個是馬Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治療后移動和騎行更為舒適。這些例子都是為了說明整體醫(yī)學的有效性。故選D。

  【27題詳解】

  推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. ( 法伯確信,隨著時間的推移,綜合療法會越來越受歡迎,如果過去有任何跡象的話,他可能是對的:自1982年以來,美國綜合獸醫(yī)協(xié)會的會員已經(jīng)從30個增加到700多個。)”可知,法伯認為綜合療法會越來越受歡迎,隨后作者列舉了美國綜合獸醫(yī)協(xié)會的會員已經(jīng)從30個增加到700多個的例子,因此推斷美國整體獸醫(yī)協(xié)會是為證明法伯的觀點。故選A。

  C

  Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心態(tài)) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.

  When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.

  The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.

  But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假說)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.

  Audio (音頻) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.

  Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.

  28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean?

  A Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain.

  C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice.

  29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume?

  A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand.

  C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media.

  30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers?

  A. They can hold students attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare.

  C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text.

  31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph?

  A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.

  B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.

  C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.

  D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.

  【答案】28. D 29. A 30. A 31. C

  【解析】

  【導語】本文是議論文。主要討論了紙質(zhì)閱讀與數(shù)字閱讀、音頻和視頻學習方式的差異和效果。

  【28題詳解】

  詞句猜測題。根據(jù)前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(當閱讀幾百字或更多的文本時,在紙上學習通常比在屏幕上學習更成功。大量的研究證實了這一發(fā)現(xiàn))”可知,在紙上學習更有成效,以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(當實驗人員從提出簡單的任務(wù)(如識別閱讀文章的主旨)轉(zhuǎn)移到需要思維抽象的任務(wù)(如從文本中推斷)時)”推知,此處應(yīng)是表達“當實驗者從簡單的任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)向需要精神抽象的任務(wù)時,紙質(zhì)閱讀的益處就變得顯而易見”之意,所以shine through應(yīng)是“顯而易見”之意,和D項意思相近。故選D項。

  【29題詳解】

  推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假說)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同樣重要的是精神層面。閱讀研究人員提出了一個名為“shallowing hypothesis”的理論。根據(jù)這一理論,人們以適合社交媒體的心態(tài)接觸數(shù)字文本,這些文本通常不那么嚴肅,與閱讀印刷品時相比,投入的精神努力也更少)”可知,shallowing hypothesis假設(shè)讀者在閱讀數(shù)字文本時會持有一種輕松的心態(tài),不會像閱讀紙質(zhì)書籍那樣投入太多的心理努力。故選A項。

  【30題詳解】

  細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Audio (音頻) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音頻和視頻可能比文本更具吸引力,因此大學教師越來越多地轉(zhuǎn)向這些技術(shù),例如分配在線講座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知,音頻和視頻比文本更能吸引學生的注意力,所以大學教師越來越多地使用這些技術(shù)。故選A項。

  【31題詳解】

  推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(數(shù)字文本、音頻和視頻都具有教育作用,尤其是在提供印刷品中無法獲得的資源時。然而,為了在需要精神集中和反思的情況下最大限度地學習,教育工作者不應(yīng)假定所有媒體都是相同的,即使它們包含相同的單詞)”可知,盡管數(shù)字文本、音頻和視頻在教育中有一定作用,但當需要精神集中和反思以最大化學習時,教育者不應(yīng)假定所有媒體都是相同的,即使它們包含相同的單詞。這表明作者認為紙質(zhì)文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代,因此暗示紙質(zhì)文本在教育中的重要性。故選C項。

  D

  In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.

  “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (標本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”

  Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.

  “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.

  Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.

  What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?

  “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”

  32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?

  A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.

  C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.

  33. What does Daru’s study focus on?

  A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.

  C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.

  34. What has led to the biases according to the study?

  A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.

  C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.

  35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?

  A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.

  C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.

  【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D

  【解析】

  【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了斯坦福大學的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn),數(shù)字生物多樣性記錄存在偏見,建議應(yīng)用程序引導公民科學家獲取更好的數(shù)據(jù)。

  【32題詳解】

  細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天,大多數(shù)生物多樣性記錄通常以照片、視頻和其他數(shù)字記錄的形式出現(xiàn)。)”可知,現(xiàn)在收集的物種記錄大多是以電子形式存在的。故選B。

  【33題詳解】

  細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (標本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (這些觀察結(jié)果現(xiàn)在超過了來自物理標本的原始數(shù)據(jù),而且由于我們越來越多地使用觀察數(shù)據(jù)來研究物種如何應(yīng)對全球變化,我想知道:它們有用嗎?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru說“我們特別感興趣的是探索取樣容易產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)偏差的方面,比如公民科學家更有可能拍攝開花植物的照片,而不是它旁邊的草!)”可知,Daru的研究聚焦于觀察數(shù)據(jù),即人們通過移動應(yīng)用記錄的物種觀察數(shù)據(jù)。故選C。

  【34題詳解】

  細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru說“我們特別感興趣的是探索取樣容易產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)偏差的方面,比如公民科學家更有可能拍攝開花植物的照片,而不是它旁邊的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 這是有道理的,因為在移動設(shè)備上獲得觀察生物多樣性數(shù)據(jù)的人通常是公民科學家,他們記錄了他們在附近地區(qū)與物種的接觸。)”可知,導致數(shù)據(jù)偏差的原因是采樣方式的不當。故選C。

  【35題詳解】

  推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多樣性應(yīng)用程序可以使用我們的`研究結(jié)果來告知用戶樣本過多的地區(qū),并將他們引導到樣本不足的地方,甚至是物種。為了提高觀測數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量,生物多樣性應(yīng)用程序還可以鼓勵用戶讓專家確認他們上傳的圖像的身份。)”可知,Daru 建議生物多樣性應(yīng)用應(yīng)該給公民科學家提供指導。故選D。

  第二節(jié) (共5小題;每小題2.5分,滿分12.5分)

  閱讀下面短文,從短文后的選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。

  Not all great writers are great spellers. If you want to be published, its vital to submit a perfect, professionally presented manuscript (原稿). ____36____ No editor is likely to tolerate a writer who does not take the trouble to spell words correctly.

  I keep two reference books close-by on my desk: dictionary and thesaurus (同義詞詞典). I dont trust my laptops spellchecker. ____37____ Of course, these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses, but Im old-fashioned enough to prefer a hard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers. I use the Concise Oxford Dictionary and the Collins Thesaurus.

  ____38____ It should give you a precise definition of each word, thus differentiating it from other words whose meanings are similar, but not identical. It will also usually show how the word is pronounced.

  In addition, I have an old two-volume copy of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, picked up a few years ago in a bookshop sale for just 99 pence. Of course, with its 2,672 pages, its not exactly short. It contains around 163,000 words, plus word combinations and idiomatic phrases. ____39____ However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, theres nothing better.

  For well over a hundred years the most influential English dictionary was Samuel Johnsons Dictionary of the English Language published in 1755. "To make dictionaries is dull (乏味) work," wrote Johnson, illustrating one definition of "dull". ____40____ A few minutes spent casting your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience.

  A. I dont often use this dictionary.

  B. It takes no account of the context.

  C. But I still dont want to replace them.

  D. But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.

  E. Of course, a dictionary is not only for spelling.

  F. That means good grammar and no spelling mistakes.

  G. Dictionaries dont always give you enough information.

  【答案】36. F 37. B 38. E 39. A 40. D

  【解析】

  【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了作者使用英語詞典的經(jīng)驗和心得以及從中獲得的樂趣。

  【36題詳解】

  上文“If you want to be published, it’s vital to submit a perfect, professionally presented manuscript(如果你想發(fā)表,提交一份完美的、專業(yè)的手稿是至關(guān)重要的)”提到了完美的、專業(yè)的手稿的重要性,手稿中不能有語法和拼寫錯誤是專業(yè)的手稿的要求之一。F選項“That means good grammar and no spelling mistakes.(這意味著語法正確,沒有拼寫錯誤。)”是對手稿要求的進一步解釋說明,符合題意。故選F項。

  【37題詳解】

  上文“I don’t trust my laptop’s spellchecker.(我不相信我筆記本電腦的拼寫檢查器。)”提到了作者不相信電腦的拼寫檢查器;下文“Of course, these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses, but I’m old-fashioned enough to prefer a hard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers.(當然,現(xiàn)在有很多在線詞典和同義詞庫,但我是一個守舊的人,更喜歡精裝的書和能用手指翻閱的書頁。)”提到了作者更喜歡實體書和能用手指翻閱的書頁,說明電子設(shè)備可能不會考慮上下文,所以B選項“It takes no account of the context.(它不考慮上下文。)”解釋了上文的原因,具有承上啟下的作用。故選B項。

  【38題詳解】

  下文“It should give you a precise definition of each word, thus differentiating it from other words whose meanings are similar, but not identical. It will also usually show how the word is pronounced.(它應(yīng)該給出每個單詞的精確定義,從而將其與其他含義相似但不相同的單詞區(qū)分開來。它通常還會顯示單詞的發(fā)音。)”提到了字典的功能,E選項“Of course, a dictionary is not only for spelling.(當然,字典不僅僅是用來拼寫的。)”提到了字典的部分功能,能引起下文內(nèi)容。故選E項。

  【39題詳解】

  下文“However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there’s nothing better.(然而,如果我需要檢查一個單詞的來源或查找其用法的例子,沒有什么比這更好的了。)”提到了字典的使用情況,A選項“I don’t often use this dictionary.(我不經(jīng)常用這本字典。)”是對字典使用頻率的說明,與下文構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。故選A項。

  【40題詳解】

  上文“ “To make dictionaries is dull (乏味) work, ” wrote Johnson, illustrating one definition of ”dull".(約翰遜在解釋“dull”的一個定義時寫道:“編字典是件無聊的工作(乏味)!)”提到了編寫字典是件乏味的工作,下文“A few minutes spent casting your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience.(花幾分鐘的時間瀏覽一兩頁是一種有益的體驗。)”提到瀏覽字典也是一種閱讀的樂趣,D選項“But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.(但是一本字典讀起來是一種樂趣。)”是作者對字典的評價,與上文的“乏味”形成對比,與上文構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。故選D項。

  第三部分 語言運用(共兩節(jié),滿分30分)

  第一節(jié) (共15小題;每小題1分,滿分15分)

  閱讀下面短文,從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出最佳選項。

  I’ve been motivated — and demotivated — by other folks’ achievement s all my life.

  When I was a teenager, a neighborhood friend ____41____ a marathon race. Feeling motivated, I started running ____42____, but then two things happened. First, a girl I met one day told me she was ____43____ for a “super,” referring to a 52.4-mile double marathon. Then, the next day I went on my longest run — 15 miles. To be honest, I ____44____ it! Between the girl making my ____45____ seem small and the pure boredom of jogging, I decided that the only ____46____ I’d ever run again is if a big dog was running after me!

  So I ____47____ cycling. I got a good bike and rode a lot. I ____48____ of entering cycle races until I flew to San Diego to visit my sister. While she was at work one day, I ____49____ her bike and went for a ride. The ____50____: The roads there went through large valleys where I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time. I’d never faced such ____51____. That day, I got ____52____ by about 100 “l(fā)ocal” bikers who were used to such roads. When I got back home, suddenly riding my bike didn’t seem quite as ____53____.

  I’ve ____54____ a lot since then. I’ve come to accept that whatever ____55____ I set for myself, they just have to be my own.

  41. A. knew B. held C. won D. quit

  42. A. regularly B. silently C. proudly D. recently

  43. A. asking B. looking C. waiting D. training

  44. A. made B. believed C. hated D. deserved

  45. A. advantage B. achievement C. contribution D. influence

  46. A. way B. risk C. place D. reason

  47. A. gave up B. went on C. turned to D. dealt with

  48. A. heard B. dreamed C. complained D. approved

  49. A. painted B. borrowed C. bought D. parked

  50. A. problem B. secret C. principle D. advice

  51. A. dangers B. events C. opponents D. challenges

  52. A. passed B. convinced C. admired D. stopped

  53. A. reliable B. convenient C. familiar D. appealing

  54. A. traveled B. matured C. missed D. worried

  55. A. limits B. dates C. goals D. tests

  【答案】41. C 42. A 43. D 44. C 45. B 46. D 47. C 48. B 49. B 50. A 51. D 52. A 53. D 54. B 55. C

  【解析】

  【導語】本文是一篇記敘文。它詳細敘述了作者在不同階段對不同運動(跑步和騎自行車)的興趣和經(jīng)歷,并通過這些經(jīng)歷反映了作者的成長和心理變化。

  【41題詳解】

  考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:我十幾歲的時候,一個鄰居朋友贏得了馬拉松比賽。A. knew知道;B. held抓住;C. won贏得;D. quit退出。根據(jù)后文“Feeling motivated”可知,作者有了動力,所以此處應(yīng)是一個鄰居朋友贏得了馬拉松比賽。故選C項。

  【42題詳解】

  考查副詞詞義辨析。句意:有了動力,我開始定期跑步,但后來發(fā)生了兩件事。A. regularly有規(guī)律地;B. silently默默地;C. proudly自豪地;D. recently最近。根據(jù)前文“Feeling motivated” 可知,作者有了動力,所以應(yīng)是定期跑步,符合語境。故選A項。

  【43題詳解】

  考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:首先,有一天我遇到的一個女孩告訴我,她正在為“超級”馬拉松訓練,指的是52.4英里的雙馬拉松。A. asking要求;B. looking看;C. waiting等待;D. training訓練。根據(jù)后文“referring to a 52.4-mile double marathon”可知,女孩要跑雙馬拉松,所以此處應(yīng)是為之訓練,符合語境。故選D項。

  【44題詳解】

  考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:說實話,我討厭它!A. made制作;B. believed相信;C. hated討厭;D. deserved值得。根據(jù)前文“Then, the next day I went on my longest run — 15 miles.”以及后文“Between the girl making my 5 seem small and the pure boredom of jogging”可知,作者最長跑了15 miles和女孩一比微不足道,所以是討厭這個成績。故選C項。

  【45題詳解】

  考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:在那個女孩面前,我的成就顯得微不足道,再加上慢跑的無聊,我決定我再跑步的唯一理由就是有一只大狗在追我! A. advantage優(yōu)勢;B. achievement成就;C. contribution貢獻;D. influence影響。根據(jù)前文“Then, the next day I went on my longest run — 15 miles.”以及后文“seem small”可知,作者最長跑了15 miles,而女孩在為52.4 miles做訓練,所以應(yīng)是作者的成就微不足道。故選B項。

  【46題詳解】

  考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:在那個女孩面前,我的成就顯得微不足道,再加上慢跑的無聊,我決定我再跑步的唯一理由就是有一只大狗在追我!A. way方式;B. risk風險;C. place地方;D. reason理由。根據(jù)后文“I’d ever run again is if a big dog was running after me!”可知,有一只大狗在追“我”,“我”才會再跑步,這里說的是跑步的原因。故選D項。

  【47題詳解】

  考查動詞短語辨析。句意:所以我開始騎自行車。A. gave up放棄;B. went on繼續(xù);C. turned to轉(zhuǎn)向;D. dealt with處理。根據(jù)前文“I decided that the only 6 Id ever run again is if a big dog was running after me!”可知,作者決定放棄跑步,所以此處應(yīng)是轉(zhuǎn)向騎自行車。故選C項。

  【48題詳解】

  考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:我夢想著參加自行車比賽,直到我飛到圣地亞哥去看我妹妹。A. heard聽到;B. dreamed夢想;C. complained抱怨;D. approved批準。根據(jù)后文“of entering cycle races”結(jié)合選項可知,此處應(yīng)是作者夢想著參加自行車比賽,符合語境。故選B項。

  【49題詳解】

  考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:有一天她上班的時候,我借了她的自行車去兜風。A. painted把……描繪成;B. borrowed借;C. bought買;D. parked停(車)。根據(jù)前文“I flew to San Diego to visit my sister”以及后文“went for a ride”可知,作者去看妹妹,所以要去騎行的話,應(yīng)是向妹妹借自行車。故選B項。

  【50題詳解】

  考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:問題是:那里的道路穿過很大的山谷,我一次要騎上坡好幾英里。A. problem問題;B. secret秘密;C. principle原則;D. advice建議。根據(jù)后文“I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time. I’d never faced such 11 .”可知,作者要騎上坡好幾英里,這對他來說,是一個問題。故選A項。

  【51題詳解】

  考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:我從來沒有遇到過這樣的挑戰(zhàn)。A. dangers危險;B. events事件;C. opponents對手;D. challenges挑戰(zhàn)。根據(jù)前文“The 10 : The roads there went through large valleys where I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time.”可知,作者要騎上坡好幾英里,這對他來說是一個挑戰(zhàn)。故選D項。

  【52題詳解】

  考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:。那天,我被大約100個習慣了這種道路的“當?shù)亍彬T自行車的人超過了。A. passed超過;B. convinced說服;C. admired欣賞;D. stopped阻止。根據(jù)前文“I’d never faced such 11 .”可知,作者騎上坡好幾英里是個挑戰(zhàn),所以是被很多人超過。故選A項。

  【53題詳解】

  考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意:當我回到家,突然騎自行車似乎不那么吸引人了。A. reliable可信賴的;B. convenient方便的;C. familiar熟悉的;D. appealing吸引人的。根據(jù)前文“That day, I got   12  by about 100 “l(fā)ocal” bikers who were used to such roads.”可知,作者那天騎行被100多人超過,所以此時是覺得騎自行車似乎不那么吸引人了。故選D項。

  【54題詳解】

  考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:從那以后我成熟了很多。A. traveled旅行;B. matured (情感和認識)成熟;C. missed思念;D. worried擔心。根據(jù)后文“I’ve come to accept that whatever   15   I set for myself, they just have to be my own.”可知,作者不再輕易放棄,所以是成熟了很多。故選B項。

  【55題詳解】

  考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:我已經(jīng)開始接受這樣一個事實:無論我為自己設(shè)定什么目標,它們都必須是我自己的。A. limits限制;B. dates日期;C. goals目標;D. tests測試。根據(jù)后文“I set for myself, they just have to be my own.”可知,此處應(yīng)是“無論我為自己設(shè)定什么目標,它們都必須是我自己的”,符合語境。故選C項。

  第二節(jié) (共10小題;每小題1.5分,滿分15分)

  閱讀下面短文,在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。

  Heatherwick Studio recently built a greenhouse at the edge of the National Trust’s Woolbeding Gardens. This beautiful structure, named Glasshouse, is at the centre of a new garden that shows how the Silk Road influences English gardens even in modern times.

  The latest ____56____ (engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective ____57____ (function) structure that is also beautiful. The design features ten steel “sepals (萼片)” made of glass and aluminium (鋁). These sepals open on warm days ____58____ (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. In cold weather, the structure stays ____59____ (close) to protect the plants.

  Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse ____60____ (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for ____61____ first time. These plants included modern Western ____62____ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road. The path offers over 300 plant species for visitors to see, too.

  The Glasshouse stands ____63____ a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route ____64____ brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the _____65_____ (rich) of gardening in England.

  【答案】56. engineering

  57. functional

  58. to give

  59. closed 60. walks

  61 the 62. favorites

  63. as 64. which##that

  65. richness

  【解析】

  【導語】本文為一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了Heatherwick工作室最近公布的一個新項目——一個位于國家信托基金會伍爾貝丁花園邊緣的動態(tài)溫室,并詳細描述了該溫室的設(shè)計、功能、以及它如何與絲綢之路的歷史和絲綢之路花園相結(jié)合。

  【56題詳解】

  考查名詞。句意:最新的工程技術(shù)被用來創(chuàng)造一個同樣美麗的保護功能結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)句意可知,空處考查短語engineering techniques,意為“工程技術(shù)”,符合句意。故填engineering。

  【57題詳解】

  考查形容詞。句意:最新的工程技術(shù)被用來創(chuàng)造一個同樣美麗的保護功能結(jié)構(gòu)?仗幮揎椕~structure,應(yīng)用形容詞作定語functional,符合題意。故填functional。

  【58題詳解】

  考查非謂語動詞。句意:溫室在溫暖日子里開放,利用液壓系統(tǒng)為內(nèi)部植物提供陽光和通風。use sth. to do sth.為固定搭配,表示“使用某物去做某事”,所以空處應(yīng)用動詞不定式形式作賓語補足語。故填to give。

  【59題詳解】

  考查形容詞。句意:然后在寒冷的天氣里,這個結(jié)構(gòu)保持關(guān)閉,以保護亞熱帶植物。空處用于stays之后作表語,應(yīng)用形容詞closed,表示“緊閉的”,符合題意。故填closed。

  【60題詳解】

  考查時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意:此外,圍繞溫室的絲綢之路花園帶領(lǐng)游客走過一段受古絲綢之路影響的旅程。walk sb. through,意為“帶領(lǐng)某人穿過……”,空處為本句謂語動詞,根據(jù)上文可知,本句時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時,主語the Silk Route Garden為單數(shù),謂語動詞應(yīng)用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。故填walks。

  【61題詳解】

  考查冠詞。句意:亞洲和歐洲之間的貿(mào)易路線第一次為英國帶來了絲綢、香料和許多植物。固定搭配:for the first time,意為“第一次”,符合句意。故填the。

  【62題詳解】

  考查名詞的數(shù)。句意:這些植物包括現(xiàn)代西方最受喜愛的迷迭香、薰衣草和茴香。favorite是可數(shù)名詞,意為“特別受喜愛的東西”,根據(jù)空后such as rosemary, lavender and fennel可知,空處應(yīng)用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填favorites。

  【63題詳解】

  考查介詞。句意:Mark Woodruff補充說:“這是當代設(shè)計的最高成就,在絲綢之路的盡頭,中國亞熱帶西南部的植物群從溫帶的歐洲穿過山脈、干旱的土地和高山牧場,這些植物從亞洲的原生棲息地帶到英國,定義了英國園藝的豐富和榮耀。”根據(jù)句意可知,空處指的是“作為”,應(yīng)用介詞as。故填as。

  【64題詳解】

  考查定語從句。句意:Mark Woodruff補充說:“這是當代設(shè)計的最高成就,在絲綢之路的盡頭,中國亞熱帶西南部的植物群從溫帶的歐洲穿過山脈、干旱的土地和高山牧場,這些植物從亞洲的原生棲息地帶到英國,定義了英國園藝的豐富和榮耀!笨仗幰龑拗菩远ㄕZ從句,修飾先行詞design,先行詞指物,關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語,用關(guān)系代詞which或that引導從句。故填which/that。

  【65題詳解】

  考查名詞。句意:Mark Woodruff補充說:“這是當代設(shè)計的最高成就,在絲綢之路的盡頭,中國亞熱帶西南部的植物群從溫帶的歐洲穿過山脈、干旱的土地和高山牧場,這些植物從亞洲的原生棲息地帶到英國,定義了英國園藝的豐富和榮耀。”空處與glory并列,應(yīng)用名詞形式richness,作介詞of的賓語。故填richness。

  第四部分 寫作(共兩節(jié),滿分40分)

  第一節(jié) (滿分15分)

  66. 假定你是李華,上周五你們班在公園上了一堂美術(shù)課。請你給英國朋友Chris寫一封郵件分享這次經(jīng)歷,內(nèi)容包括:

 。1)你完成的作品;

 。2)你的感想。

  注意:

 。1)寫作詞數(shù)應(yīng)為80個左右;

  (2)請按如下格式在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置作答。

  Dear Chris,

  I’m writing to share with you an art class I had in a park last Friday.

  ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  Yours,

  Li Hua

  【答案】

  Dear Chris,

  I’m writing to share with you an art class I had in a park last Friday.

  We were tasked to draw or paint something that impressed us most. Inspired by the fantastic scenery, I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park’s pond, surrounded by blooming flowers.

  The entire experience was incredibly refreshing. Being surrounded by nature not only sparked my creativity but also offered a much-needed break from the usual hustle and bustle of school life. I felt a deep sense of peace as I painted.

  In a word, It was not just an art class; it was a moment of connection with nature that I truly cherished.

  Yours,

  Li Hua

  【解析】

  【導語】本篇是應(yīng)用文寫作。要求考生給Chris寫一封信, 分享在公園上美術(shù)課的經(jīng)歷。

  【詳解】1. 詞匯積累

  決定:decide→determine

  整個的:entire→whole

  提供:offer→provide

  總之:in a word→in short

  2. 句式拓展

  簡單句變復(fù)合句

  原句:Inspired by the fantastic scenery, I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park’s pond, surrounded by blooming flowers.

  拓展句:Because I was inspired by the fantastic scenery, I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park’s pond, which was surrounded by blooming flowers.

  【點睛】[高分句型1]We were tasked to draw or paint something that impressed us most. (that引導的定語從句)

  [高分句型2] I felt a deep sense of peace as I painted.(as引導的時間狀語從句)

  第二節(jié) (滿分25分)

  67. 閱讀下面材料,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段,使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。

  I met Gunter on a cold, wet and unforgettable evening in September. I had planned to fly to Vienna and take a bus to Prague for a conference. Due to a big storm, my flight had been delayed by an hour and a half. I touched down in Vienna just 30 minutes before the departure of the last bus to Prague. The moment I got off the plane, I ran like crazy through the airport building and jumped into the first taxi on the rank without a second thought.

  That was when I met Gunter. I told him where I was going, but he said he hadnt heard of the bus station. I thought my pronunciation was the problem, so I explained again more slowly, but he still looked confused. When I was about to give up, Gunter fished out his little phone and rang up a friend. After a heated discussion that lasted for what seemed like a century, Gunter put his phone down and started the car.

  Finally, with just two minutes to spare we rolled into the bus station. Thankfully, there was a long queue (隊列) still waiting to board the bus. Gunter parked the taxi behind the bus, turned around, and looked at me with a big smile on his face. "We made it," he said.

  Just then I realised that I had zero cash in my wallet. I flashed him an apologetic smile as I pulled out my Portuguese bankcard. He tried it several times, but the card machine just did not play along. A feeling of helplessness washed over me as I saw the bus queue thinning out.

  At this moment, Gunter pointed towards the waiting hall of the bus station. There, at the entrance, was a cash machine. I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the machine, and popped my card in, only to read the message: "Out of order. Sorry."

  注意:

 。1)續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150個左右;

  (2)請按如下格式在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置作答。

  I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news.

  ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised.

  ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  【答案】參考范文

  Para 1

  I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news. He looked at me in disbelief, asking me what to do. Flashing him another apologetic smile, I begged him for a delayed payment. “If I miss this last bus to Prague, I’ll be late for the conference which is so important that I can’t afford to miss it!” I explained. “May I have your phone number? I will call you and return the money I owe you. I promise I will keep my word or you keep my watch!” I added, handing him my watch as well as my business card. Gunter accepted my business card but rejected my watch. He wrote down his phone number and gave it to me. “Just keep your promise, Sir.” A feeling of gratitude washed over me as I heard his words. Giving him a firm handshake, I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the bus, and jumped onto it just before its departure.I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news. He looked at me in disbelief, asking me what to do. Flashing him another apologetic smile, I begged him for a delayed payment. “If I miss this last bus to Prague, I’ll be late for the conference which is so important that I can’t afford to miss it!” I explained. “May I have your phone number? I will call you and return the money I owe you. I promise I will keep my word or you keep my watch!” I added, handing him my watch as well as my business card. Gunter accepted my business card but rejected my watch. He wrote down his phone number and gave it to me. “Just keep your promise, Sir.” A feeling of gratitude washed over me as I heard his words. Giving him a firm handshake, I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the bus, and jumped onto it just before its departure.

  Para 2

  Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised. He picked me up at the bus station where he had dropped me off four days before. Beaming a warm smile at him, I gave him a big hug the moment I saw him. We chatted happily on the way to the airport. I told him that thanks to his generosity and timely help, everything had gone smoothly. When he stopped his taxi outside the airport, I paid him for the “double car ride”, back and forth from the airport to the bus station, together with a generous tip that he turned down. I also gave him an attractive souvenir I had bought at Prague, which he accepted with delight. We became good friends and kept in touch with each other regularly. I felt blessed to have such a warm-hearted friend like Gunter.Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised. He picked me up at the bus station where he had dropped me off four days before. Beaming a warm smile at him, I gave him a big hug the moment I saw him. We chatted happily on the way to the airport. I told him that thanks to his generosity and timely help, everything had gone smoothly. When he stopped his taxi outside the airport, I paid him for the “double car ride”, back and forth from the airport to the bus station, together with a generous tip that he turned down. I also gave him an attractive souvenir I had bought at Prague, which he accepted with delight. We became good friends and kept in touch with each other regularly. I felt blessed to have such a warm-hearted friend like Gunter.

  【解析】

  【導語】本文以人物為線索展開,講述了作者在一次因風暴延誤的旅途中,匆忙搭乘出租車前往車站趕最后一班去布拉格的公共汽車。司機岡特不熟悉車站位置,通過電話求助后順利抵達。到達時作者卻發(fā)現(xiàn)自己沒帶現(xiàn)金,嘗試用葡萄牙銀行卡支付沒有成功,而車站的取款機也故障了。

  【詳解】1.段落續(xù)寫:

 、儆傻谝欢问拙鋬(nèi)容“我跑回到岡特那里,告訴他這個壞消息!笨芍,第一段可描寫作者留下岡特的電話,承諾會還錢給對方,岡特同意,最終作者及時登上了公共汽車。

 、谟傻诙问拙鋬(nèi)容“四天后,當我回到維也納時,我按照承諾給岡特打了電話!笨芍,第二段可描寫作者付費給岡特,并向?qū)Ψ奖硎靖屑,兩人成為了好朋友?/p>

  2.續(xù)寫線索:作者給出解決辦法——承諾還錢——岡特同意——作者登上公共汽車——履行承諾還錢——兩人成為朋友

  3.詞匯激活

  行為類

  ①拒絕:reject/refuse

 、诮o某人擁抱:give sb. a hug/embrace sb.

 、塾浵拢瑢懴拢簑rite down/set down

  情緒類

 、匐y以置信地:in disbelief/incredibly/unbelievably

 、陂_心地:happily/joyfully

  【點睛】【高分句型1】He picked me up at the bus station where he had dropped me off four days before.(運用了where引導的限制性定語從句)

  【高分句型2】When he stopped his taxi outside the airport, I paid him for the “double car ride”, back and forth from the airport to the bus station, together with a generous tip that he turned down.(運用了when引導的時間狀語從句,that引導的限制性定語從句)

  2024年普通高等學校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試(新課標Ⅱ卷)

  語 文

  本試卷共9頁?荚嚱Y(jié)束后,將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。

  注意事項:

  1.答題前,考生先將自己的姓名、準考證號碼填寫清楚,將條形碼準確粘貼在考生信息條形碼粘貼區(qū)。

  2.答題時請按要求用筆。

  3.請按照題號順序在答題卡各題目的答題區(qū)域內(nèi)作答,超出答題區(qū)域書寫的答案無效;在草稿紙、試卷上答題無效。

  4.作圖可先使用鉛筆畫出,確定后必須用黑色字跡的簽字筆描黑。

  5.保持卡面清潔,不要折疊,不要弄破、弄皺,不準使用涂改液、修正帶、刮紙刀。

  一、現(xiàn)代文閱讀(35分)

  (一)現(xiàn)代文閱讀I(本題共5小題,19分)

  閱讀下面的文字,完成下面小題。

  材料一:

  土星5號火箭升空了!

  它一點一點上升,龐大的身軀穩(wěn)健有力。

  阿姆斯特朗、柯林斯和奧爾德林被巨大的推力緊緊摁在座位上。火箭在他們身下持續(xù)上升,各級火箭按照預(yù)定程序點火,第一級火箭、逃逸塔、第二級火箭一一分離。繞地球軌道飛行一周后,宇航員檢查了火箭和飛船狀況。第三級火箭再次點火,把飛船推向更遠的高空。

  當?shù)厍虮凰Φ缴砗螅褪谴蛛x的時候:第三級火箭前端打開,哥倫比亞號從頂端彈出。鷹號(登月艙)在火箭頂端繼續(xù)待命,這艘小飛船外形奇特,像一只蜷縮著的蜘蛛。哥倫比亞號的駕駛員柯林斯,讓飛船慢慢轉(zhuǎn)身。“哥倫比亞”與“鷹”對接成功。宇航員告別土星5號的最后一級火箭,乘坐合成一體的兩艘小飛船繼續(xù)飛行。

  終于抵達月球上空。阿姆斯特朗和奧爾德林駕駛鷹號離開,向著月球越飛越近?铝炙柜{駛著哥倫比亞號孤獨地環(huán)繞月球飛行。此時此刻,那些遠在地球上的人,不管是朋友還是陌生人,都時刻關(guān)注著、期待著……

  預(yù)定著陸區(qū)在哪兒?宇航員們?nèi)λ褜ぁ5且馔夂鋈话l(fā)生:當他們發(fā)現(xiàn)著陸區(qū),鷹號已經(jīng)飛過了頭!數(shù)英里一閃而過,舷窗外的月球變得崎嶇不平。家園遠在萬里之外,更無法奢望什么援手。此時此刻,他們能做的,只有保持鎮(zhèn)定,平穩(wěn)駕駛,繼續(xù)飛行。

  看到了,就在不遠處,那里平整而干凈!鷹號慢慢減速、緩緩下降。登月艙越來越低、越來越低……直到平穩(wěn)落地!此時此刻,在遙遠的地球,人們鴉雀無聲、屏息聆聽。

  一個聲音從遙遠的太空傳來,那是阿姆斯特朗從月球發(fā)出的聲音:“這里是靜;,‘鷹’著陸成功。”他異常平靜,地球上的人們卻爆發(fā)出歡呼的聲音。隨后,阿姆斯特朗和奧爾德林沿著舷梯爬下登月艙。

  陌生、寂靜、壯麗的月球從此有了生命。

 。ㄕ幾圆既R恩·弗洛卡《登月》,袁瑋譯)

  材料二:

  今年6月,聯(lián)合國外層空間事務(wù)辦公室舉行會議,中國科學家介紹了“嫦娥四號”探月任務(wù),表示將于2018年底前將中繼衛(wèi)星發(fā)射至月球背面上空一個引力穩(wěn)定的位置,即地-月L2點,這顆中繼衛(wèi)星將執(zhí)行為期三年的任務(wù)。新華社的報道沒有透露“嫦娥四號”發(fā)射的具體時間,只是說將在2020年之前發(fā)射。自1976年蘇聯(lián)的“月球24號”抵達月球之后,中國的“嫦娥三號”首次于2013年在月球?qū)崿F(xiàn)軟著陸。它搭載的“玉兔一號”月球車共有6個輪子,在任務(wù)結(jié)束前共行駛了約114米。中國科學家在《科學》雜志上發(fā)表的研究結(jié)果顯示,“玉兔一號”的探地雷達探測到其著陸點下方有9個明顯不同的地下層,表明該地區(qū)有著復(fù)雜的地質(zhì)史,這與“阿波羅號”宇航員探索地區(qū)的情況有所不同。根據(jù)今年6月在聯(lián)合國會議上發(fā)布的信息,“嫦娥四號”任務(wù)的主要工程目標包括進行月球背面著陸和深空數(shù)據(jù)中繼。中國方面已邀請國際社會圍繞“嫦娥四號”探月任務(wù)建立合作關(guān)系。

 。ㄕg自斯蒂芬·克拉克《中國計劃在2020年前登上月球背面》,2015年9月22日,英國“當今天文學”網(wǎng))

  材料三:

  從古至今,人類舉頭望月,傳頌動人神話,譜寫優(yōu)美詩篇,卻很少有人意識到,億萬年來,月亮的“圖案”從未變化。月球繞地球一圈的公轉(zhuǎn)周期完全等于月球自轉(zhuǎn)周期,所以人們只能看到它固定朝向地球的一面,我們把月球背向地球的一面稱為“月背”。2019年1月11日,在北京航天飛行控制中心大廳里,科技人員見證了“嫦娥四號”和“玉兔二號”順利完成“兩器互拍”,這標志著“嫦娥四號”任務(wù)取得圓滿成功,我國成為世界上首個成功實施在月球背面軟著陸并巡視探測的國家。人類開啟了探索月球背面的新紀元!

  這是一次前無古人的科學探險。月背探測是中國航天的首個世界第一,它具有巨大的科學和工程意義,是人類航天史上的重大突破!坝裢枚枴蹦壑袊教烊说挠職夂椭腔郏褚晃还履懹⑿,面對未知的風險與挑戰(zhàn),勇敢進發(fā),努力探索。得益于駕駛員團隊的悉心照料與陪伴,“玉兔二號”已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造了人類月面巡視器生存時間最長的世界紀錄!坝裢枚枴碧綔y到了馮·卡門撞擊坑的地下結(jié)構(gòu)以及月球背面的最低溫度等,取得了一系列科學成果,為人類揭開了月背的神秘面紗。

  本書完稿之際,我國首個火星探測器“天問一號”已飛離地球,中國航天人的目光又隨之投向深空。我由衷期盼這本書能引領(lǐng)讀者走近探月、走近航天,滋潤心中科學的幼苗,點燃胸中追夢的火焰,更希望年輕人能夠沿著這一代航天人的足跡,不懼孤寂,保持好奇,去探索火星,去探索木星,不斷追逐心中的星辰大海。

 。ㄕ幾詤莻ト省<月背征途>推薦序》)

  1. 下列對材料一中畫橫線語句的圖解,排序恰當?shù)囊豁検牵?)

  A. ⑥②④①⑤③ B. ②④①⑥③⑤ C. ⑥④①②⑤③ D. ②⑥①④③⑤

  2. 下列對材料相關(guān)內(nèi)容的理解和分析,不正確的一項是( )

  A. 土星5號“體型”龐大,因為它需要把逃逸塔和登月艙送入月球軌道,不過在飛行途中它會不斷地分離,以減輕自重。

  B. 鷹號的著陸過程并不順利,飛船飛過了預(yù)定著陸區(qū),前方情況不明,但是兩位宇航員鎮(zhèn)定、冷靜地解決了突發(fā)問題。

  C. 2013年,“嫦娥三號”搭載“玉兔一號”在月球安全著陸,這為我國探月工程后續(xù)任務(wù)的實施打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。

  D. “玉兔二號”在月球的生存時間已經(jīng)超過了“玉兔一號”,它探測到了全新的科學數(shù)據(jù),為人類揭開了月背的神秘面紗。

  3. 下列對材料相關(guān)內(nèi)容的分析和評價,正確的一項是( )

  A. 材料一中“此時此刻,那些遠在地球上的人……期待著”“此時此刻……人們鴉雀無聲”等語句,烘托了登月艙即將著陸時的緊張氣氛。

  B. 材料二引用我國學者在《科學》雜志上的研究成果,將“玉兔一號”和“阿波羅號”的探測結(jié)果進行比對,然后對后者提出質(zhì)疑。

  C. 材料三使用“世界上首個”“首個世界第一”等詞語,表明“嫦娥四號”探測器取得不凡成就,也表現(xiàn)了駕駛員團隊獲得成功后激動的心情。

  D. 從材料一的成功登陸月面,到材料二“探測到……不同的地下層”,再到材料三的月背征途,可以看出人類在不斷地對未知事物進行探索。

  4. 《<月背征途>推薦序》對讀者了解這本書有哪些幫助?請根據(jù)材料三概括說明。

  5. “科學無國界,科學家有祖國”,這在中國航天人身上是如何體現(xiàn)的?請根據(jù)材料簡要分析。

  【答案】1. B 2. A

  3. A 4. ①提供背景信息:通過月背知識介紹,強調(diào)了月背探測的科學和工程意義,突出了中國航天的創(chuàng)新和突破。

 、谕怀鰰局髦迹航榻B了“嫦娥四號”和“玉兔二號”任務(wù)的成功,展示了中國在月球探測方面的成就。

 、酃膭钭x者追求夢想,展望未來航天任務(wù):鼓勵讀者了解探月和航天知識,激發(fā)科學興趣和探索精神。

  5. ①從人類第一次登上月球,到中國航天人通過“嫦娥四號”和“玉兔二號”任務(wù)持續(xù)深入地探索月球,以及對月背的研究,都展現(xiàn)了全人類在探月領(lǐng)域的不斷探索和進步,這體現(xiàn)了“科學無國界”的探索精神。

  ②他們在國際會議上分享探月任務(wù)的進展,邀請國際社會合作,體現(xiàn)了開放和合作的“無國界”態(tài)度。

 、弁ㄟ^不斷的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和科學探索,取得了多項世界第一,展現(xiàn)了中國航天人的智慧和勇氣,體現(xiàn)了科學家有報效祖國、為國爭光的愛國情懷。

  【解析】

  【1題詳解】

  本題考查學生準確理解并運用圖表信息的能力。

  材料一畫線句首先闡述了“船箭分離”的過程:“第三級火箭前端打開,哥倫比亞號從頂端彈出”。而圖解中,②展現(xiàn)的是第三級火箭一開始的全貌,④則體現(xiàn)了“彈出”的過程,故②④應(yīng)位于最前面。

  然后,作者進一步介紹了在火箭頂端繼續(xù)待命的“鷹號(登月艙)”的樣貌特點“這艘小飛船外形奇特,像一只蜷縮著的蜘蛛”;接下來,則是“飛船慢慢轉(zhuǎn)身”“‘哥倫比亞’與‘鷹’對接成功”的.過程。而觀察圖解,我們能很明顯地看到,①中哥倫比亞號方向與④有明顯不同,體現(xiàn)了“轉(zhuǎn)身”的過程,⑥中兩者接觸則體現(xiàn)了“對接成功”的過程,所以緊接著是①⑥。

  最后,材料描述了宇航員們告別土星5號的最后一級火箭,乘坐合成一體的兩艘小飛船繼續(xù)飛行的過程。圖解中,③體現(xiàn)了合體后的“哥倫比亞”與“鷹”離開火箭的過程,到⑤時,它們已成為單獨的飛行體。因此最后是③⑤。

  所以排序恰當?shù)囊豁検牵孩冖堍佗蔻邰荨?/p>

  故選B。

  【2題詳解】

  本題考查學生篩選并整合文中信息的能力。

  A.“因為它需要把逃逸塔和登月艙送入月球軌道,不過在飛行途中它會不斷地分離,以減輕自重”曲解文意。土星5號的龐大體型不僅是為了送逃逸塔和登月艙入軌,還包括其他設(shè)備和燃料的需求,從而滿足其巨大的推力和運載能力,以便將宇航員和飛船送入太空。而火箭在飛行過程中的分離是為了完成不同的任務(wù)階段,而不是為了減輕自重。

  故選A。

  【3題詳解】

  本題考查學生分析概括作者的觀點態(tài)度的能力。

  B.“然后對后者提出質(zhì)疑”無中生有。材料二只是簡單地提到了“玉兔一號”和“阿波羅號”探測到的情況有所不同,并沒有對“阿波羅號”提出質(zhì)疑。

  C.“也表現(xiàn)了駕駛員團隊獲得成功后激動的心情”曲解文意。選項中的“表現(xiàn)了駕駛員團隊獲得成功后激動的心情”在材料三中沒有直接體現(xiàn),文中主要強調(diào)的是“嫦娥四號”探測器的成就,而非駕駛員團隊的心情。

  D.“可以看出人類在不斷地對未知事物進行探索”說法片面。材料一、二、三的內(nèi)容確實展示了人類對未知事物的不斷探索,但材料二主要是針對未來的規(guī)劃,說“在……探索”,不夠妥當。

  故選A。

  【4題詳解】

  本題考查學生歸納內(nèi)容要點的能力。

  材料三中,作者通過描述月球背面(月背)的概念和特點,即月球繞地球一圈的公轉(zhuǎn)周期完全等于月球自轉(zhuǎn)周期,人們只能看到月球固定朝向地球的一面,而另一面則是月背,這為讀者提供了關(guān)于月球的基本知識背景。由此,讀者或許可以更深入地了解月背探測的艱難,以及中國探測成功背后的科學、工程意義。

  作者在推薦序強調(diào)了月背探測作為人類航天史上的重大突破和中國航天的首個世界第一的重要性,特別是詳細介紹了“嫦娥四號”任務(wù)的成功,尤其是“玉兔二號”探測到的科學成果,如馮·卡門撞擊坑的地下結(jié)構(gòu)和月球背面的最低溫度等。這有助于讀者更加深入地了解中國航天的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和前景,從而幫助讀者理解這本書的核心內(nèi)容和價值。

  根據(jù)材料三結(jié)尾作者的呼吁“我由衷期盼這本書能引領(lǐng)讀者走近探月、走近航天……不懼孤寂,保持好奇,去探索火星,去探索木星,不斷追逐心中的星辰大海”可知,作者通過這本書的推薦序,鼓勵讀者走近探月、走近航天,并希望年輕人能夠不懼孤寂,保持好奇,去探索未知的太空世界,這種激勵和鼓舞對于讀者來說是一種重要的精神力量。

  【5題詳解】

  本題考查學生探究問題,提出自己見解的能力。

  對這句話,可以分成兩部分來理解。

  首先,“科學無國界”強調(diào)的是科學是人類智慧的結(jié)晶,是屬于全人類的財富,理應(yīng)為全人類服務(wù),展現(xiàn)的是一種開放態(tài)度。而材料一中火箭的各級分離、飛船的對接、鷹號的著陸等細節(jié),突顯了人類首次登月的偉大成就和技術(shù)復(fù)雜性。材料二介紹了中國“嫦娥四號”探月任務(wù)的計劃和進展。材料三則聚焦于“嫦娥四號”任務(wù)的成功實施,特別是“玉兔二號”在月球背面的探測成果。整體來看,文章通過對比歷史與現(xiàn)狀,展示了人類在探月領(lǐng)域的不斷探索和進步。這種探索精神,是屬于全人類的寶貴精神財富,是“無國界”的;

  此外,在材料一中,我們可以看到,人類第一次登月這一盛事,獲得了全人類關(guān)注;而材料二最后還提到“中國方面已邀請國際社會圍繞‘嫦娥四號’探月任務(wù)建立合作關(guān)系”,可見中國在取得月球探測領(lǐng)域領(lǐng)先地位的同時,并沒有閉門造車,搞封閉戰(zhàn)術(shù),而是秉持著和國際合作的開放態(tài)度。這充分體現(xiàn)了開放和合作的“無國界”態(tài)度。

  而“科學家有祖國”體現(xiàn)的則是科學家的愛國精神但科學事業(yè)的發(fā)展和科學家的命運都與自己的國家有著密切的關(guān)系。因此,可從材料中檢索與此相關(guān)的信息。比如,材料三“‘玉兔二號’凝聚著中國航天人的勇氣和智慧,像一位孤膽英雄,面對未知的風險與挑戰(zhàn),勇敢進發(fā),努力探索。得益于駕駛員團隊的悉心照料與陪伴”等內(nèi)容,展現(xiàn)了中國航天人為了國家科技發(fā)展不懈奮斗的精神,以及對于中國在探月領(lǐng)域的不斷進步的自豪。這些,都體現(xiàn)了“科學家有祖國”的愛國精神。

 。ǘ┈F(xiàn)代文閱讀II(本題共4小題,16分)

  閱讀下面文字,完成下面小題。

  千里江山圖(節(jié)選)

  孫甘露

  葉桃離開上海去了南京。那時候陳千里還不明白,為什么她那么不喜歡父親葉啟年做的事情,自己卻又加入進去。后來他才知道,葉桃去的地方是國民黨黨務(wù)調(diào)查科,在葉啟年的安排下,她成了機要室干事。

  當時他反復(fù)問過自己:難道在上海,兆豐花園、夕陽、早春的湖水、水面上一對天鵝,這些都是他在做夢?難道他們手握著手、心怦怦跳時說的話,都只是分別前一時的沖動?他一直都很清楚,在他們兩個人當中,葉桃總是先離去的那一個。

  新閘路樓上的廂房,他坐在窗下,她坐在梳妝臺前,他們在說話,他看見兩個她,一個在面前,一個在鏡子里。他完全沉浸在話題中,可說著說著,她忽然站起身,急匆匆奔出了家門。他心里總是隱隱覺得,別處某個地方,必定有一件更加重要的事情在等著她。

  一年以后,陳千里也去了南京。

  他在石婆婆巷租了一間小屋。白天他給書局做翻譯,等著葉桃下班。有時她給他打電話(巷口煙紙店有一臺公用電話),讓他去她上班的地方,她也會支使他做一點事情,到哪家鋪子買一包點心,或者去裁縫店取幾件衣服。

  只要葉啟年不在南京,瞻園對葉桃來說就是一個十分自由自在的地方。那是個大園子,據(jù)說從前是座王府,門前有影壁,園里有假山。機要室在園子最北面,過了假山就能看見那排平房。他到了那里,讓門房打個電話,葉桃就會出來接他,有時候也會讓門房送他,到后來門房索性讓他自己進去。在記憶里,那幾個月過得特別安寧,葉桃也特別快樂。她好像找到了真正有意思的工作。

  他們?nèi)ッ坊ㄉ,正是早春二月,虬枝上開滿梅花,山坡上像籠罩了粉色云霧。他們心心相印,覺得整個世界退卻到遠處,眼前只剩下梅樹、藍天和那張臉龐。他們滿心喜悅,一起背誦著涅克拉索夫:“他們說暴風雨即將來臨,我不禁露出微笑。”

  但是世界仍舊在這里,葉桃置身其中的環(huán)境十分危險,瞻園里有許多陰鷙的壯漢、狼狗、不許人碰的文件和禁止入內(nèi)的警示牌。從園北假山后面偶爾會傳出一兩聲慘叫。后來在棲霞山上,葉桃告訴他,那里是黨務(wù)調(diào)查科,是葉啟年參與搭建、充斥著陰謀和殺戮的世界。

  直到最后那個月,他才知道她究竟在做什么工作,雖然他早些時候就猜到了一些。現(xiàn)在想來,說不定她一直都在暗示他:她真正在做的是一些秘密工作,這些工作對她意義重大。而他心里很明白,她所做的那些事情,很可能是去破壞她父親的工作。但在讓他知道真相前,她就為他指明了方向,讓他了解了一個人應(yīng)該投身于什么樣的事業(yè),才會讓人生變得更有意義。

  她從來沒有真正離開過他。即便去了南京,她也每隔幾天就給他寫信,這些信件延續(xù)了先前的思想碰撞,F(xiàn)在他才理解,寫那些信她多少冒了一點風險,幸虧她在瞻園上班,有辦法不讓這些信落到郵電檢查人員手中。她還托人給他捎書和雜志:《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》《遠方來信》《布爾什維克》,還有她喜歡的涅克拉索夫詩集。

  端午節(jié)的前一天,葉桃給石婆婆巷煙紙店打了個電話。那些日子他很少見到葉桃,她好像整天都非常忙碌,就算見到他也很沉默,問多了,她會忽然發(fā)火。在電話里葉桃讓他去瞻園,去之前先到秦淮河邊的城南茶食鋪,幫她買一包閩南橘紅糕。葉桃一直喜歡吃零食,在上海時他就常幫她跑腿,到了南京,她的很多舊習慣都消失了,但喜歡吃零食這一樣依然如故。除了這家的橘紅糕和酥糖,她還喜歡一個挑擔小販的桂花糖芋苗,總是在瞻園門口那一帶叫賣。

  他買了橘紅糕,卻在瞻園門口被人攔住了。幾個月來,南前北后兩道門,幾班門房都認識他了,見他進門,連忙打電話到機要室找葉干事。葉桃告訴門房,今天她不能離開保密區(qū)域,叫門房登記一下,讓陳千里自己進去。

  陳千里在機要室那一排平房里見到了葉桃。她吃了一粒橘紅糕,說,今天這個橘紅糕怎么那么干?這放了多久呀?生氣地扔到一邊,冷冷地半天不理他,機要室里另外兩個女人同情地朝他微笑。過了一陣,葉桃又叫他:“幫我到門口買碗桂花糖芋苗!

  剛剛進來時陳千里并沒有看見瞻園門口有挑擔叫賣的小販。但他沒說什么,每次葉桃讓他到門口買桂花糖芋苗,那個小販總會出現(xiàn)在那里。

  “如果沒看見,你就往前跑到馬府街,他一般就在這幾個地方!

  他提著保溫筒出來,門房朝他笑。出了瞻園,果然看見擔子在那里。小販揭開蓋子擱在一邊,從大鍋里舀了幾勺紅艷艷、香噴噴的芋羹,裝進提筒,往里撒了點桂花末子,又拿起抹布擦了擦蓋子,蓋上,收錢。陳千里把糖芋苗拿進機要室,葉桃喝了一口,這才露出滿意的笑容。

  幾天后他才知道,保溫筒蓋子下面有一張字條,上面有緊急情報。他在不知不覺中把情報送了出去。葉啟年在廣州破獲了共產(chǎn)黨地下組織,逮捕了廣東的負責人歐陽民。由于情報送出及時,與歐陽民有聯(lián)系的上級黨組織全都撤離了。

  他知道這情況時,葉桃已身負重傷。犧牲前,她告訴陳千里自己是共產(chǎn)黨員,從前沒有告訴他,是因為她受黨組織派遣潛伏在國民黨黨務(wù)調(diào)查科,必須保守秘密,但現(xiàn)在她可以說了。她說她一直打算發(fā)展他入黨,黨組織也認為經(jīng)過了一段時間的考驗,已經(jīng)可以接受陳千里入黨,可她現(xiàn)在沒有時間了,她希望他將來能成為一個堅定的共產(chǎn)主義戰(zhàn)士。

 。ㄓ袆h改)

  6. 下列對文本相關(guān)內(nèi)容的理解,正確的一項是( )

  A. “他看見兩個她,一個在面前,一個在鏡子里”,說明葉桃的性格活潑多變,讓年輕的陳千里琢磨不透。

  B. 葉桃喜歡城南茶食鋪的橘紅糕和酥糖,以及挑擔小販的桂花糖芋苗,表明她很適應(yīng)南京休閑的日常生活。

  C. 端午節(jié)的前一天,葉桃把陳千里買的橘紅糕扔到一邊,半天不理他,反映出她斗爭經(jīng)驗不足,關(guān)鍵時刻不能很好地控制情緒。

  D. “現(xiàn)在她可以說了”而“從前沒有告訴他”,表明葉桃與戀人相處時也嚴格遵守地下工作的保密紀律。

  7. 下列對文本藝術(shù)特色的分析鑒賞,不正確的一項是( )

  A. 寫葉桃和陳千里在梅花山背誦詩句,既表現(xiàn)出兩人的精神風采,也點出時代氛圍。

  B. 選擇壯漢、狼狗、秘密文件、警示牌、慘叫等來寫瞻園,凸顯其陰森殘酷。

  C. 描寫機要室另兩個女人微笑以及門房笑的細節(jié),用以反襯一種緊張詭異的氣氛。

  D. 文本記敘葉桃和陳千里在上海與南京的經(jīng)歷,將個人愛情與革命斗爭交融在一起。

  8. 文中畫線處說“在他們兩個人當中,葉桃總是先離去的那一個”,又說“她從來沒有真正離開過他”,請談?wù)勀愕睦斫狻?/p>

  9. 文本中頻頻出現(xiàn)“一年以后”“現(xiàn)在想來”“他知道這情況時”之類標示時間線索的語句,產(chǎn)生了怎樣的敘述效果?請簡要分析。

  【答案】6. D 7. C

  8. ①兩人日常交往中,葉桃總是先離開,但依然通過多種方式和陳千里保持聯(lián)系;

 、谌~桃思想上更早覺悟,先于陳千里參加革命,又引導他走上革命道路;

 、垭m然葉桃后來在斗爭中犧牲,但她永遠活在陳千里心中,她的革命精神為陳千里所繼承。

  9. ①整體上回溯性地講述故事,本身具有一種歷史縱深感;

 、诰唧w事件的敘述基本按照時間順序交代,情節(jié)脈絡(luò)清楚;

 、壅宫F(xiàn)出人物的成長歷程,使人物形象更豐滿;

  ④通過敘述時間的跳躍,過去與現(xiàn)在、回憶與現(xiàn)實相交織,將謎團逐一解開,行文跌宕起伏。

  【解析】

  【6題詳解】

  本題考查學生理解文章內(nèi)容,篩選并概括文中信息的能力。

  A.“說明葉桃的性格活潑多變”分析錯誤,根據(jù)原文第三段內(nèi)容可知,此處是說明陳千里感到葉桃的工作重要并且神秘。

  B.“表明她很適應(yīng)南京休閑的日常生活”分析錯誤,根據(jù)原文“幾天后他才知道,保溫筒蓋子下面有一張字條,上面有緊急情報。他在不知不覺中把情報送了出去”可知,葉桃喜歡城南茶食鋪的橘紅糕和酥糖,以及挑擔小販的桂花糖芋苗,是為了給黨組織送情報。

  C.“反映出她斗爭經(jīng)驗不足,關(guān)鍵時刻不能很好地控制情緒”分析錯誤,根據(jù)原文“他提著保溫筒出來”“保溫筒蓋子下面有一張字條,上面有緊急情報。他在不知不覺中把情報送了出去”可知,葉桃把陳千里買的橘紅糕扔到一邊,半天不理他,是想辦法讓陳千里把緊急情報送出去,及時交給黨組織。

  故選D。

  【7題詳解】

  本題考查學生對文本藝術(shù)特色的分析鑒賞的能力。

  C.“用以反襯一種緊張詭異的氣氛”分析錯誤,根據(jù)原文“機要室里另外兩個女人同情地朝他微笑”“他提著保溫筒出來,門房朝他笑”可知,機要室另兩個女人微笑以及門房的笑容并沒有反襯緊張詭異的氣氛,反而是表現(xiàn)了一種日常的、相對輕松的氛圍,與葉桃和陳千里的關(guān)系和情感互動有關(guān)。

  故選C。

  【8題詳解】

  本題考查學生理解文中重要句子的含意的能力。

 、購木渥颖韺右馑挤治觯骸八恢倍己芮宄,在他們兩個人當中,葉桃總是先離去的那一個”說明在葉桃與陳千里兩人的日常交往中,葉桃總是先離開;根據(jù)“即便去了南京,她也每隔幾天就給他寫信”說明“她從來沒有真正離開過他”是指葉桃雖然不在陳千里身邊,但依然通過多種方式和陳千里保持聯(lián)系;

 、趶木渥由顚雍x分析:根據(jù)原文“這些信件延續(xù)了先前的思想碰撞,F(xiàn)在他才理解,寫那些信她多少冒了一點風險”可知,“葉桃總是先離去的那一個”是因為葉桃思想上更早覺悟,先于陳千里參加革命,通過文中對葉桃與陳千里交往的描寫,結(jié)合原文“幾天后他才知道,保溫筒蓋子下面有一張字條,上面有緊急情報。他在不知不覺中把情報送了出去”可知,“她從來沒有真正離開過他”是指葉桃引導陳千里走上了革命道路;

 、蹚木渥忧楦袃(nèi)涵分析:根據(jù)原文最后“她說她一直打算發(fā)展他入黨,黨組織也認為經(jīng)過了一段時間的考驗,已經(jīng)可以接受陳千里入黨,可她現(xiàn)在沒有時間了,她希望他將來能成為一個堅定的共產(chǎn)主義戰(zhàn)士”可知,“葉桃總是先離去的那一個”是指葉桃在斗爭中犧牲,而陳千里繼續(xù)革命;“她從來沒有真正離開過他”是指雖然葉桃后來在斗爭中犧牲,但她永遠活在陳千里心中,她的革命精神為陳千里所繼承,陳千里會向她希望的一樣,成為一個堅定的共產(chǎn)主義戰(zhàn)士。

  【9題詳解】

  本題考查學生理解文中重要語句產(chǎn)生的敘述效果的能力。

 、購男≌f內(nèi)容分析:根據(jù)選文“一年以后,陳千里也去了南京”“現(xiàn)在想來,說不定她一直都在暗示他”“他知道這情況時,葉桃已身負重傷”這些標示時間線索語句,說明小說內(nèi)容是回憶的故事,小說整體上是回溯性地講述故事,本身具有一種歷史縱深感;

 、趶那楣(jié)脈絡(luò)分析:“一年以后,陳千里也去了南京”“現(xiàn)在想來,說不定她一直都在暗示他”“他知道這情況時,葉桃已身負重傷”這些標示時間線索的語句,使陳千里去南京,葉桃潛伏在國民黨黨務(wù)調(diào)查科并保守秘密,幫助黨組織考驗陳千里,陳千里知道事情的真相等具體情節(jié)的敘述基本按照時間順序交代,使文章情節(jié)脈絡(luò)清楚明了;

 、蹚娜宋镄蜗蠓治觯何闹羞@些標示時間線索的語句,從“過去”到“現(xiàn)在”,通過時空轉(zhuǎn)換,展現(xiàn)出陳千里這一人物在葉桃的幫助下由疑惑到明白,逐漸成長的漫長歷程,使小說中葉桃這一人物形象更豐滿;

  ④從行文特色分析:“一年以后,陳千里也去了南京”“現(xiàn)在想來,說不定她一直都在暗示他”“他知道這情況時,葉桃已身負重傷”這些語句敘述時間,由“過去”直接轉(zhuǎn)到“現(xiàn)在”,具有跳躍性,通過陳千里這一人物的銜接,使小說內(nèi)容將過去與現(xiàn)在、回憶與現(xiàn)實相交織,將葉桃所做的事的謎團逐一解開,這樣的銜接使行文跌宕起伏,更能吸引讀者的閱讀興趣。

  二、古代詩文閱讀(35分)

  (一)文言文閱讀(本題共5小題,20分)

  閱讀下面的文言文,完成下面小題。

  材料一:

  文侯受子夏經(jīng)藝,客段干木①,過其閭,未嘗不軾也。秦嘗欲伐魏,或曰:“魏君賢人是禮國人稱仁上下和合未可圖也!蔽暮钣纱说米u于諸侯。

 。ü(jié)選自《史記·魏世家》)

  材料二:

  上欲廢太子,立戚夫人子趙王如意。呂后恐,乃使建成侯呂澤劫留侯,強要曰:“為我畫計!绷艉钤唬骸邦櫳嫌胁荒苤抡,天下有四人。今公誠能無愛金玉璧帛,令太子為書,卑辭安車,因使辯士固請,宜來。上知此四人賢,則一助也!睗h十二年,上從擊破布軍歸,疾益甚,愈欲易太子。及燕,置酒,太子侍。四人從太子,年皆八十有余,須眉皓白,衣冠甚偉。上怪之,問曰:“彼何為者?”四人前對,各言名姓。上乃大驚,曰:“吾求公數(shù)歲,公辟逃我,今公何自從吾兒游乎?”四人皆曰:“陛下輕士善罵,臣等義不受辱,故恐而亡匿。竊聞太子為人仁孝,恭敬愛士,天下莫不延頸欲為太子死者,故臣等來耳!鄙显唬骸盁┕易湔{(diào)護太子!彼娜藶閴垡旬,趨去。上起去,罷酒。竟不易太子者,留侯本招此四人之力也。

 。ü(jié)選自《史記·留侯世家》)

  材料三:

  論者或曰:“魏文式段干木之閭,秦兵為之不至,非法度之功。雖全國有益,非所貴也。”夫法度之功者,謂何等也?養(yǎng)三軍之士,明賞罰之命,嚴刑峻法,富國強兵,此法度也。六國之亡,皆滅于秦兵。六國之兵非不銳,士眾之力非不勁也,然而至于破亡者,強弱不敵,眾寡不同,雖明法度,其何益哉?使童子變孟賁之意②,孟賁怒之,童子操刃與孟賁戰(zhàn),童子必不勝,力不如也。孟賁怒,而童子修禮盡敬,孟賁不忍犯也。秦之與魏,孟賁之與童子也。夫力少則修德,兵強則奮威。秦以兵強,威無不勝。卻軍還眾,不犯魏境者,賢干木之操,高魏文之禮也。高皇帝議欲廢太子,呂后患之,子房教以敬迎四皓而厚禮之,太子遂安。夫太子敬厚四皓,以消高帝之議,猶魏文式段干木之閭,卻強秦之兵也。

 。ü(jié)選自王充《論衡·非韓》)

  [注]①段干木:戰(zhàn)國初魏國名士。②孟賁:戰(zhàn)國時勇士。

  10. 材料一畫波浪線的部分有三處需要斷句,請用鉛筆將答題卡上相應(yīng)位置的答案標號涂黑。

  魏君賢A人B是禮C國人D稱仁E上下F和G合H未可圖也。

  11. 下列對材料中加點的詞語及相關(guān)內(nèi)容的解說,不正確的一項是( )

  A. 燕,同“宴”,指宴飲,成語有“新婚燕爾”,其中的“燕”字意思與此相同。

  B. 怪,以……為怪,意動用法,與《師說》中“不恥相師”的“恥”用法相同。

  C. 為壽,向尊長敬酒并祝長壽,《鴻門宴》“沛公奉卮酒為壽”的禮儀與此相同。

  D. 式,同“軾”,指扶軾,與《周亞夫軍細柳》“改容式車”的“式”意思相同。

  12. 下列對材料有關(guān)內(nèi)容的概述,不正確的一項是( )

  A. 魏文侯曾經(jīng)師從子夏學習儒家經(jīng)藝,他崇禮敬賢,在諸侯之中享有美譽。每次乘車經(jīng)過名士段干木居住的里巷時,他一定會行禮致意。

  B. 漢高祖想廢掉太子,改立趙王如意,呂后為此十分恐慌,派人強行要留侯出主意,留侯認為如請到漢高祖景仰已久的四位賢人,將會對太子有利。

  C. 四位賢人表示太子仁孝愛士,漢高祖打消了廢太子念頭,希望他們好好輔助太子;四人本是留侯親自招來的,這也是沒有另立太子的一個因素。

  D. 王充認為,假如有兒童持刀與孟賁相斗,兒童肯定不能取勝;如果兒童對孟賁恭敬有加,孟賁就不忍心傷害,魏國與秦國的情況正與此相類似。

  13. 把材料中畫橫線的句子翻譯成現(xiàn)代漢語。

 。1)吾求公數(shù)歲,公辟逃我,今公何自從吾兒游乎?

 。2)卻軍還眾,不犯魏境者,賢干木之操,高魏文之禮也。

  14. 王充認為,“太子敬厚四皓,以消高帝之議”猶如“魏文式段干木之閭,卻強秦之兵”,請根據(jù)材料分析二者的相似之處。

  【答案】10. CEH

  11. A 12. C

  13. (1)我訪求先生們好幾年了,先生們都逃避我,現(xiàn)在先生們?yōu)楹巫栽父S我兒交游呢?

  (2)撤回軍隊,不去侵犯魏國領(lǐng)土,是因為秦軍尊重段干木操行賢良,推崇魏文侯的禮義。

  14. 敬賢禮士:太子敬重四皓,魏文侯禮敬段干木,都是通過尊重賢士來贏得他們的支持。

  化解危機:太子通過敬重四皓,化解了漢高祖廢太子的危機;魏文侯通過禮敬段干木,使得秦國不敢輕易進攻魏國。

  德行感化:太子和魏文侯都通過自己的德行感化了賢士,使得他們愿意為其效力,從而達到了保全自己的目的。

  【解析】

  【10題詳解】

  本題考查學生文言文斷句的能力。

  句意:魏君對賢人特別敬重,魏國人都稱贊他的仁德,上下和諧同心,不能謀取。

  “賢人是禮”是賓語前置句,意思是“禮賢人”,做“魏君”的謂語和賓語,在后面C處斷開。

  “國人稱仁”是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu),在后面的E處斷開。

  “上下和合”是主謂結(jié)構(gòu),在后面的H處斷開。

  故選CEH。

  【11題詳解】

  本題考查學生理解和掌握文言文一詞多義現(xiàn)象、詞類活用現(xiàn)象和古代文化常識的能力。

  A.錯誤。同“宴”,宴飲/同“宴”,安樂,歡樂。句意:等到安閑的時候,設(shè)置酒宴。/棄婦訴說原夫再娶與新歡作樂,后反其意,用作慶賀新婚之辭。形容新婚時的歡樂。

  B.正確。怪,以……為怪,意動用法/恥,以……為恥,意動用法。句意:皇上感到奇怪。/不以互相學習為恥。

  C.正確。向尊長敬酒并祝長壽。句意:四個人敬酒祝福已畢。/劉邦獻上一杯酒向項伯祝酒。

  D.正確。同“軾”,車前橫木。此用為動詞,古人立而乘車,低頭扶軾以表敬意的禮節(jié)。句意:魏文侯從段干木居住的里巷經(jīng)過,手扶車軾表示敬意。/表情嚴肅起來,扶著車前橫木俯下身子,表示敬意。

  故選A。

  【12題詳解】

  本題考查學生對文章內(nèi)容的理解和分析的能力。

  C.“留侯親自招來的”錯誤,“留侯本招此四人之力也”是說這四個人原本是留侯推薦,呂后“令太子為書,卑辭安車,因使辯士固請”,最終招致而來的,不是“留侯親自招來的”。

  故選C。

  【13題詳解】

  本題考查學生理解和翻譯文言文句子的能力。

 。1)“辟”,通“避”,逃避,躲避;“自”,自愿;“游”,交游。

 。2)“……者,……也”,……的原因是……,……是因為;“賢”,以……為賢;“高”,形容詞做動詞,推崇。

  【14題詳解】

  本題考查學生篩選信息和概括分析、比較材料的能力。

  王充的觀點從行動、效果、策略上點明了二者的相似之處。

  從行動上看,“太子敬厚四皓”,材料二指出“太子為書,卑辭安車,因使辯士固請”,四皓是當時著名隱士;“魏文式段干木之閭”,材料一指出“文侯受子夏經(jīng)藝,客段干木,過其閭,未嘗不軾也”,子夏是“孔門十哲”之一。“太子”“文侯”都禮敬賢士。

  從效果上看,“以消高帝之議”,材料二指出“上欲廢太子……上曰:‘煩公幸卒調(diào)護太子!共灰滋印;“卻強秦之兵”,材料一指出“秦嘗欲伐魏,或曰:‘魏君賢人是禮,國人稱仁,上下和合,未可圖也’”,材料三補充說明“秦兵為之不至”。二人都巧妙化解了危機。

  從策略上看,王充認為“強弱不敵,眾寡不同”“力少則修德”!耙跃从酿┒穸Y之,太子遂安”“消高帝之議”和“魏文式段干木之閭,卻強秦之兵”都是采用了“修德”的策略,達到了保全自己的目的。

  參考譯文:

  材料一:

  文侯師從子夏學經(jīng)書,以客禮對待段干木,經(jīng)過他的鄉(xiāng)里,沒有一次不憑軾敬禮的。秦國曾想進攻魏國。有人說:“魏君對賢人特別敬重,魏國人都稱贊他的仁德,上下和諧同心,不能謀取!蔽暮钜虼说玫街T侯的贊譽。

 。ü(jié)選自《史記·魏世家》)

  材料二:

  皇上想廢掉太子,立戚夫人生的兒子趙王如意。呂后很害怕,就派建成侯呂澤脅迫留侯,竭力要挾說:“一定得給我出個主意!绷艉钫f:“回想皇上不能招致而來的,天下有四個人,F(xiàn)在您果真能不惜金玉璧帛,讓太子寫一封信,言辭謙恭,駕著(用四匹馬拉的)安車,趁機派能言善辯之士懇切地聘請,他們應(yīng)當會來;噬现肋@四個人賢能,那么這對太子是一大幫助!睗h十二年,皇上隨著擊敗黥布的軍隊回來,病勢更加沉重,愈發(fā)想更換太子。等到宴飲的時候,設(shè)置酒宴,太子在旁侍奉。那四人跟著太子,他們的年齡都已八十多歲,須眉潔白,衣冠非常奇特。皇上感到奇怪,問道:“他們是干什么的?”四個人上前對答,各自說出姓名;噬嫌谑谴篌@說:“我訪求先生們好幾年了,先生們都逃避我,現(xiàn)在先生們?yōu)楹巫栽父S我兒交游呢?”四人都說:“陛下輕慢士人,喜歡罵人,我們講求道義,不愿受辱,所以惶恐地逃跑躲藏起來。我們私下聞知太子為人仁義孝順,謙恭有禮,喜愛士人,天下人沒有誰不伸長脖子想為太子拼死效力的。因此我們就來了!被噬险f:“煩勞諸位始終如一(善始善終)地好好調(diào)教保護太子吧!彼膫人敬酒祝福已畢,小步快走離去。皇上起身離去,一直到酒宴結(jié)束,皇上最終沒有更換太子,原本是留侯招致這四個人發(fā)生了效力。

 。ü(jié)選自《史記·留侯世家》)

  材料三:

  議論者中有人說:“魏文侯從段干木居住的里巷經(jīng)過,手扶車軾表示敬意,秦軍因此不去攻打魏國,并不是法制的功效。雖然在保全國家方面有好處,也不值得重視。”那么,法制的功能,指的是什么呢?養(yǎng)活三軍士兵,明確賞罰法令,嚴厲刑法,富國強兵,這就是法制。六國滅亡,都滅亡在秦國的軍隊。六國的軍隊并非不精銳,士兵的力量也并非不強,然而甚至于被打敗滅亡,這是因為強弱不相當,多少不一樣,即使明確了法制,那又有什么益處呢?假使小孩違背了大力士孟賁的心意,孟賁發(fā)怒,小孩持刀跟孟賁對打,小孩肯定不能取勝,因為力量遠遠不如孟賁。要是孟賁發(fā)怒,而小孩講究禮節(jié),對他非常恭敬,孟賁才會不忍加害。秦國與魏國,就像孟賁與小孩一樣。力量弱小就該修養(yǎng)德行,軍隊強大就該發(fā)揚威力。秦國憑借軍隊強大,威力無窮戰(zhàn)無不勝。撤回軍隊,不去侵犯魏國領(lǐng)土,是因為秦軍尊重段干木操行賢良,推崇魏文侯的禮義。漢高皇帝主張想廢掉太子劉盈,呂后很擔憂,張子房(張良)教太子用謙恭的態(tài)度去迎請四皓,并豐厚地禮遇他們。太子的地位安穩(wěn)了太子敬重厚待四皓,來消除了高皇帝廢掉太子的想法,就像魏文侯到里巷對段干木表示敬意,退掉了強大的秦軍一樣。

  (節(jié)選自王充《論衡·非韓》)

 。ǘ┕糯姼栝喿x(本題共2小題,9分)

  閱讀下面這首宋詩,完成下面小題。

  雨后為山亭獨臥

  葉夢得①

  過雨虛檐氣稍清,臥聞刁斗起連營。

  幾看薄月當軒過,驚見陰蟲繞砌鳴②。

  洶洶南江浮靜夜,寥寥北斗掛高城。

  白頭心事今如許,慚愧兒童話請纓。

  [注]①葉夢得:南宋文學家,曾致力于抗金防備及軍餉勤務(wù)。②陰蟲:秋蟲,如蟋蟀之類。

  15. 下列對這首詩的理解和賞析,不正確的一項是( )

  A. 雨后空氣清新,為山亭的夜晚涼爽宜人,然而詩人的心情卻難以平靜。

  B. 本詩第二句與辛棄疾《破陣子》中的“夢回吹角連營”一句立意相似。

  C. 詩人憑軒望月,浮想聯(lián)翩,而階前突然傳出的蟲鳴聲驚擾了他的思緒。

  D. 頸聯(lián)通過江水、星空等物象營造出了一個天高地迥、蒼茫寂寥的境界。

  16. 如何理解詩人的“白頭心事”?請結(jié)合詩歌內(nèi)容簡要分析。

  【答案】15. C 16. ①首聯(lián)寫詩人獨臥為山亭,似乎聽到連營中的刁斗聲,表達了他渴望像年輕時一樣充滿豪情壯志、為國征戰(zhàn)效力;②頷聯(lián)和頸聯(lián)寫詩人夜不能寐,只能看薄月過軒、高掛城頭、南江夜靜,聽陰蟲鳴砌。詩人已白發(fā)蒼蒼,英雄老去,不得重用,再難建功立業(yè),詩人心中充滿無奈、憤懣。③尾聯(lián)運用終軍請纓的典故,將自己與“兒童”對比,“慚愧”一詞暗將矛頭指向南宋統(tǒng)治者,表達了對南宋朝廷茍且偷安、不思收復(fù)國土的不滿。

  【解析】

  【15題詳解】

  本題考查學生分析理解詩歌內(nèi)容的能力。

  C.“階前突然傳出的蟲鳴聲驚擾了他的思緒”錯,“驚見陰蟲繞砌鳴”的“驚”并非蟲鳴驚擾了詩人思緒,而是與“幾看薄月當軒過”的“幾看”相對,是暗暗心驚于時光飛逝,年華空老。

  故選C。

  【16題詳解】

  本題考查學生理解詩歌內(nèi)容,鑒賞詩歌情感的能力。

  詩歌前三聯(lián)描寫詩人雨后獨臥為山亭看到的景象,聽到的聲音以及詩人內(nèi)心的感受。

  首聯(lián)寫雨過天晴,空氣清新,詩人臥在為山亭中,耳中似乎傳來軍營中的刁斗之聲!暗蠖贰,古代軍隊中用的一種器具,銅質(zhì),有柄,能容一斗。軍中白天可供一人燒飯,夜間敲擊以巡更。其實詩人獨臥為山亭,是不可能聽到刁斗聲的,詩人的錯覺恰恰反映出他心中放不下軍營,渴望像年輕時一樣充滿豪情壯志,在軍營征戰(zhàn),為國效力;

  頷聯(lián)和頸聯(lián)寫多次看到薄月過軒,心驚于又一次陰蟲砌鳴,洶涌的南江在夜色中靜靜浮動,孤寂的北斗星獨自高掛城頭。貌似寧靜的夜晚,詩人無法成眠,一個人靜靜地看著、聽著,等待天明,恰恰反映出詩人因不得重用、年華空老而夜不能寐,心事重重。

  尾聯(lián)則直接點明“白發(fā)心事”是“慚愧”,慚愧的內(nèi)容是“兒童話請纓”。此句運用終軍請纓的典故,將自己與“兒童”對比,“兒童”尚且“話請纓”,想要為國效力,而詩人卻只能獨臥為山亭。這“慚愧”的背后,是詩人渴望為國效力卻不得的無奈、憤懣,是對南宋朝廷茍且偷安、不思收復(fù)國土的不滿,也有英雄老去的無奈。

 。ㄈ┟淠瑢懀ū绢}共1小題,6分)

  17. 補寫出下列句子中的空缺部分。

 。1)同學們到郊外春游,陽光下樹木蔥郁,水流淙淙,小慧不禁想起了陶淵明《歸去來兮辭》中的文句:“_________________,_________________。”

 。2)快過年了,于老師牽掛在成都旅行的女兒,給她發(fā)短信息時用了李白《蜀道難》中的詩句“_________________,_________________”,希望她不要貪玩,早點兒回家。

 。3)古代詩人在寫離情時,經(jīng)常在詩的上下兩句中分別表達離別雙方的情思,如唐詩“________________,_________________”就是如此。

  【答案】 ①. 木欣欣以向榮 ②. 泉涓涓而始流 ③. 錦城雖云樂 ④. 不如早還家 ⑤. 洛陽親友如相問 ⑥. 一片冰心在玉壺(誰家今夜扁舟子 何處相思明月樓)

  【解析】

  【詳解】本題考查學生準確默寫常見的名篇名句的能力。

  易錯字詞有:欣、涓、錦、扁。

  三、語言文字運用(20分)

 。ㄒ唬┱Z言文字運用I(本題共2小題,9分)

  閱讀下面的文字,完成下面小題。

  看云似乎是很多北京人的日常,自到了北京,我也入鄉(xiāng)隨了俗,經(jīng)?雌鹪苼。那天是周六,我和幾個朋友在一家書店閑聊,因為一直留意著窗外的云,聊天時我有些心不在焉。書店是整幅的玻璃幕墻,大大小小的云在窗框里,如畫一般,還帶有特別隨意任性的毛邊兒。帶著流蘇一樣的大毛邊兒的大塊云和帶著細絲一樣的小毛邊兒的小塊云都主打一個飄逸輕盈。哪怕再高妙的丹青手,也畫不出來那個勁兒,實在是美翻了。

  云這么好看,卻也不妨礙它下雨。那天,我們在宋莊的街道上閑逛,走著走著雨就來了。雨來了,云還在,太陽也還在。這就是名副其實的太陽雨了吧?淋著這雨,我們都沒有打傘。打傘會覺得辜負了這云的,也會辜負這雨,不是嗎?

  18. 文中畫線處是個長句,請改成幾個較短的語句,可以改變語序,少量增刪詞語,但不得改變原意。

  19. 文章結(jié)尾處的“不是嗎?”是個問句,卻并不表疑問,它起到了什么作用?

  【答案】18. 大塊云帶著流蘇一樣的大毛邊兒,小塊云帶著細絲一樣的小毛邊兒,它們都主打一個飄逸輕盈。

  19. 本句是無疑而問的反問句,故意設(shè)問是為了引起讀者思考,增強情感力度,強調(diào)作者和朋友們不打傘在雨中淋著而行的愜意美好,表達對北京的云和太陽雨的喜愛和享受。

  【解析】

  【18題詳解】

  本題考查學生語言表達之句式變換的能力。

  長句變短句的一般步驟為:提取主干;切分修飾成分,轉(zhuǎn)換成主謂句子;根據(jù)句子與句子間的邏輯關(guān)系調(diào)整語序。

  第一步,提取原句的主謂賓:大塊云和小塊云都主打一個飄逸輕盈。

  第二步,將定語轉(zhuǎn)換成主謂句:將定語“帶著流蘇一樣的大毛邊兒的大塊云”變成主謂句“大塊云帶著流蘇一樣的大毛邊兒”;將定語“帶著細絲一樣的小毛邊兒的小塊云” 變成主謂句“小塊云帶著細絲一樣的小毛邊兒”,去掉連詞“和”。

  第三步,按照邏輯關(guān)系調(diào)整語序:先分別敘述“大塊云”“小塊云”的特征,然后對它們的共同特征進行總結(jié),故答案為:大塊云帶著流蘇一樣的大毛邊兒,小塊云帶著細絲一樣的小毛邊兒,它們都主打一個飄逸輕盈。

  【19題詳解】

  本題考查學生語言表達之賞析標點符號用法,賞析句子表達效果的能力。

  問句可以分為疑問句、設(shè)問句、反問句。其中是問句卻不表示疑問的是反問句,“不是嗎”屬于反問句,無疑而問,用問句是為了加強語氣和語勢,使表達意思更肯定,引導讀者思考和想象。“不是嗎”是對上文作者與朋友在街道上閑逛,恰好遇上了太陽雨,便淋雨而行這一行為的肯定和強調(diào),表達作者對太陽雨的喜愛,對淋雨而行的喜歡和享受。

  (二)語言文字運用Ⅱ(本題共3小題,11分)

  閱讀下面的文字,完成下面小題。

  眾所周知,運動可以幫助放松肌肉、減輕身體緊張感、改善血液循環(huán),讓我們身體更健康,但是,可能很多人都不知道,運動更是讓我們心情愉悅、大腦強健的“靈丹妙藥”。多年以前,運動就已被列入情緒障礙的治療方法之一,療效不但立竿見影,令人信服,而且適用范圍很廣。

  喜歡運動,經(jīng)常運動的人,相信都體驗過“跑者欣快”,即連續(xù)高強度運動一段時間后, ① ,但心情很好,有一種酣暢淋漓的感覺,這是因為,運動可以促使大腦分泌許多與愉悅感相關(guān)的“快樂物質(zhì)”,如多巴胺、內(nèi)啡肽等。而運動后的大腦,還會分泌一種名叫腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子的蛋白質(zhì),有助于強健大腦。因此,運動不僅會讓你輕松快樂,還會讓你頭腦更清晰,更有活力。當然,不是每個人 ② ,但即使做一些輕微運動,也是有助于身心健康的。

  20. 文中畫波浪線的句子有語病。請進行修改,使語言表達準確流暢,邏輯嚴密,可少量增刪詞語,不得改變原意。

  21. 請在文中橫線處補寫恰當?shù)恼Z句,使整段文字語意完整連貫,內(nèi)容貼切,邏輯嚴密,每處不超過10個字。

  22. 下列句子中的“相信”與文中加點的“相信”,意義和用法相同的一項是( )

  A. 身處困境他卻并不消沉,相信自己能拼出一個光明的未來。

  B. 我滿心歡喜地迎接他回來,相信現(xiàn)在的他一定和從前不同。

  C. 看到氣勢磅礴的壺口瀑布,相信每一位游客都會激動不已。

  D. 翠翠還是不離開碼頭,相信祖父會來找她,同她一起回家。

  【答案】20. 多年以前,運動就已被列入情緒障礙的治療方法之一,不但療效立竿見影、令人信服,而且適用范圍很廣。

  21. ①雖然身體很累(雖然身體很疲憊);②都能高強度運動。

  22. C

  【解析】

  【20題詳解】

  本題考查學生辨析并修改病句的能力。

  原文“療效不但立竿見影,令人信服,而且適用范圍很廣”中,關(guān)聯(lián)詞“不但”語序不當。根據(jù)原文,這句話的“療效”是“立竿見影,令人信服”的主語,但不是“適用范圍很廣”的主語。兩個分句主語不同,關(guān)聯(lián)詞應(yīng)該放到前句開頭。用“不但……而且……”連接,邏輯合理,分別說明了運動治療的效果和適用范圍方面的特點。所以正確的句子應(yīng)為:多年以前,運動就已被列入情緒障礙的治療方法之一,不但療效立竿見影、令人信服,而且適用范圍很廣。

  【21題詳解】

  本題考查學生語言表達之情境補寫的能力。

  ①處,后句“但心情很好”,與①處形成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,該處應(yīng)使用一個表示轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)聯(lián)詞,如“雖然”;前句提到“連續(xù)高強度運動一段時間后”,可推知該空應(yīng)該銜接上句,可填“雖然身體很累”,或“雖然身體很疲憊”。

 、谔,后句“但即使做一些輕微運動”,與②處形成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,該空應(yīng)該填寫與“輕微運動”相對的內(nèi)容,本段語境強調(diào)的是“連續(xù)高強度運動”對人身體的益處,所以該空可填:都能高強度運動。

  【22題詳解】

  本題考查學生辨析詞語的語境義的能力。

  文中加點的“相信”表示認為某事是真實的、可信的,表達一種推測和信任。

  A.“相信”是有信心的意思。

  B.“相信”是認為的意思。

  C.“相信”也是認為某事是真實的、可信的,與文中的“相信”意義和用法相同。

  D.“相信”是期望、盼望意思。

  故選C。

  四、寫作(60分)

  23. 閱讀下面的材料,根據(jù)要求寫作。

  本試卷現(xiàn)代文閱讀I提到,長久以來,人們只能看到月球固定朝向地球的一面,“嫦娥四號”探月任務(wù)揭開了月背的神秘面紗;隨著“天問一號”飛離地球,航天人的目光又投向遙遠的深空……

  正如人類的太空之旅,我們每個人也都在不斷抵達未知之境。

  這引發(fā)了你怎樣的聯(lián)想與思考?請寫一篇文章。

  要求:選準角度,確定立意,明確文體,自擬標題;不要套作,不得抄襲;不得泄露個人信息;不少于800字。

  【答案】例文:

  肩負人生使命 抵達未知之境

  上古神話里,炎黃子孫渴望御龍乘鶴、摘星攬月,對燦爛星河充滿向往;當代太空之旅中,航天英雄沖破云霄,直上九天,將目光投向更遙遠的深空。一代又一代的航天人上下求索,抵達一個個未知之境,吾輩青年也應(yīng)追風趕浪,探索不息,不斷抵達生命的未知之境。

  “生活的全部意義在于無窮地探索尚未知道的東西”,人生使命在于永葆好奇心,永葆求知欲,探查未知之境的秘密。

  天馬行空的好奇心,是通向未知之境的燈塔。面對浩瀚無邊的宇宙,先民們早就在好奇心的驅(qū)使下萌發(fā)出探索宇宙的念頭,浩如煙海的神話故事中更是不乏“嫦娥奔月”般唯美的遐想。人類邁向星空的腳步更是不曾停歇,從第一顆人造衛(wèi)星升空到阿姆斯特朗的“一小步”,再到“中國天眼”的誕生,我們在好奇心燈塔的指引下,一次又一次地探索更遼闊的世界。探索的樂趣與未知的誘惑,給予了人類不竭的動力,讓我們一步步接近科學和宇宙的奧義,照亮人類文明進步的旅途。

  “千淘萬雖辛苦,吹盡狂沙始到金”,人生使命在于腳踏實地,不懈拼搏,讓遙不可及的未來變成踏踏實實的已來。

  想要抵達遠方之境,必須心中有信念,腳下有行動,走過千山萬水,還要跋山涉水;跨過雄關(guān)險隘,還要闖關(guān)奪隘。如袁隆平,頭頂烈日,腳踩爛泥,才終于圓夢禾下乘涼;如樊錦詩,扎根大漠,夢愛遺跡,才取得數(shù)字敦煌的舉世矚目;如張桂梅半生奔波,半生堅守,才實現(xiàn)讓貧困女孩走出大山的夢想!俺晒Φ幕,人們只驚慕它現(xiàn)時的明艷,孰不知當初她的芽兒滲透了奮斗的淚泉,灑遍了犧牲的血雨”,冰心說如是。抵達遠方不是掛在嘴邊,喊喊口號,這山望著那山高,而是要把它轉(zhuǎn)化為內(nèi)生動力和實際行動,日日夜夜的奮斗、持續(xù)不斷的探索,才能一步一步抵達未知之境。

  “路漫漫其修遠兮,吾將上下而求索”,人生使命在于不滿當下,探索不止,奔赴下一個大海星辰。

  抵達之境是上一次探索的終點,也是下一次探索的起點,人類無時無刻不在對生命進行追問與探索,這種前赴后繼的研究與追尋帶領(lǐng)我們從這個已知之境奔赴向下一個未知之境。從第一次工業(yè)革命的蒸汽時代到第三次工業(yè)革命的航天時代,從活字印刷術(shù)的派生到如今快速便捷的互聯(lián)網(wǎng),從物種起源到克隆技術(shù)的發(fā)展,從掃地機器人到ChatGPT ……踔厲向前,篤行不怠,才能看得見一路的彧彧花繁,才能抵達下一個未知的美好之境。

  新世紀的鐘聲已經(jīng)敲響,讓好奇之心點燃求知的熱情,讓探索的足跡化合成創(chuàng)造的交響樂,讓永不停歇的腳步帶領(lǐng)我們抵達一個又一個充滿吸引的未知之境……

  【解析】

  【詳解】本題考查學生的寫作能力

  審題:

  這是一道引語類材料作文題。

  作文材料關(guān)聯(lián)本試卷現(xiàn)代文閱讀I,以材料三為主,兼及材料二,并以“太空之旅”一詞照應(yīng)材料一,展現(xiàn)出人類的月球探索歷程。

  作文材料最后一句“正如人類的太空之旅,我們每個人也都在不斷抵達未知之境”,將偉大的人類探索之旅拉回到考生的現(xiàn)實生活場景,其中的關(guān)鍵短語是“抵達未知之境”,既包含了“抵達未知之境”之前的探索進程,充滿艱辛,飽含期待;也蘊含著“抵達未知之境”之后永不止步的愿望,充滿信心,渴望再度踏上征程。考生立意作文,不能止步于對“航天精神”的謳歌,而要回到“我們每個人”這一語境,使“抵達未知之境”的太空之旅與青少年的成長發(fā)展之間構(gòu)成一種新的觀照維度。成長過程中的艱辛與喜悅、新的人生起點的憧憬與期盼,都是考生展開聯(lián)想與思考的著力點。

  材料中的“未知”也是一個值得思考的話題!拔粗北澈蟮摹安淮_定性”,讓探索變得迷人,而好奇心在驅(qū)遣我們?nèi)ハ胂螅苿游覀內(nèi)ニ伎,由此考生可以生發(fā)出深邃的議論與獨到的觀點。可以圍繞“探索未知”、“勇于挑戰(zhàn)”和“不斷成長”等主題展開,探討個體在面對未知時應(yīng)有的態(tài)度、行動和收獲。

  如果能以日常學習生活的成長進步為切入點,寫出生動形象、感情真摯的記敘文,寫出學習生活中無處不在的“探究精神”,都是符合作文命題指向的。

  行文構(gòu)思上,先概括材料,由材料引出觀點,如:探索未知之境,收獲生命厚重。接下來從怎么辦的角度展開論述,一、需要有探索未知的勇氣,勇敢邁出第一步;二、需要有堅持不懈的奮斗,一步一步向未知靠近;三、需要有永不滿足的心態(tài),向下一個未知之境進發(fā)。最后總結(jié)觀點,生命因探索而變得厚重,我們只有在探索未知的道路上不斷前行,才能抵達更遠的地方。

  立意:

  1.探索未知之境,成就無限可能。

  2.我以探索之心,追逐未知之境。

  3.勇于挑戰(zhàn),不斷成長,抵達未知。

  4.始于好奇,續(xù)于探索,成于新境。

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