高三定語(yǔ)從句課件
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高三定語(yǔ)從句課件
定語(yǔ)從句又稱為形容詞性從句，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, that, which, as, whose等和關(guān)系副詞when, where, why等，關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)等；關(guān)系副詞則在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)從句可分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)鍵是看有無(wú)逗號(hào)把先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句分開。若有，是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，此時(shí)關(guān)系詞不能省略；若無(wú)，則是限定性定語(yǔ)從句。綜觀歷年高考試題，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)該語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目是測(cè)試中的熱點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)。為了便于同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)該語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)時(shí)有所側(cè)重，本文擬就其考點(diǎn)作以歸納。
一、考查幾組關(guān)系詞異同
1. 考查先行詞是物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞which, that充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)異同：在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)關(guān)系代詞which, that一般可以互換，關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)還可以省略。（1）which用于下列情況：( I )如果引導(dǎo)的是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句; （II）關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)介詞的賓語(yǔ)，且介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前; （III）先行詞本身是that等。（2）that用于下列情況：( I ) 先行詞是all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much等不定代詞；（II）先行詞被all, any, every, no, little, much, some等詞修飾；（III）先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾或先行詞本身是序數(shù)詞；（IV）先行詞被the only, the very(正是、恰是),the last修飾；（V）先行詞中既有人也有物；（VI）在which或who的特殊疑問(wèn)句中含有定語(yǔ)從句等。另外需要注意：先行詞是the way，并在定語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that或省略，若用which,其前加介詞in。
[典型考題]
�、伲�09江西）The house I grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which
②（07年浙江）Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ______ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.
A. that B. which C. who D. where
�、�(04湖北) What surprised me was not what he said but ______he said it.
A．the way B．in the way that C．in the way D．the way which
�、埽�10全國(guó)Ⅱ）I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else’s fault.
A. who B. that C. as D. what
解析：①B。該題考查的是定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞前的介詞位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后，關(guān)系代詞可以省略，定語(yǔ)從句補(bǔ)充完整為：(which/that) I grew up in，修飾先行詞the house。若選擇D項(xiàng)，應(yīng)該用in which I grew up ②B。先行詞Chan’s restaurant在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)used to be poorly run的主語(yǔ)，故用which。③A。在not…but…結(jié)構(gòu)中，前后應(yīng)一致，因but之前是名詞性從句，故其后也應(yīng)該是名詞性從句或與之相對(duì)的名詞等，又因the way在該定語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)方式狀語(yǔ)，所以關(guān)系詞用that, in which或省略，故選the way。④B。不定代詞something在定語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)，用that引導(dǎo)。
2. 考查先行詞是人，關(guān)系代詞who,whom,that充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)異同：在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)一般用who,that；充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)三者可以互換或關(guān)系代詞還可以省略。下列情況用who或whom:( I )在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，先行詞是人，并在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞用who，充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，用whom或who(口語(yǔ)中)，（II）先行詞是人，介詞后的賓語(yǔ),只能用whom等。
[典型考題]
�、伲�06北京）Women _____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ______ don’t.
A. who ; 不填 B. 不填 ; who C. who ; who D. 不填; 不填
�、冢�10浙江）The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of left their village homes for a better life in the city.
A．whom B．which C．them D．those
解析：①C。兩處都是考查定語(yǔ)從句，并且都是關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，第一個(gè)空格前的women是其后的定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，并在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，第二個(gè)空格前的those指代的是women,是其后的定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，并在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，故前后兩空都用who。②A。在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中表示人的先行詞 “1,000 people”充當(dāng)介詞of的賓語(yǔ)，故用whom。
3. 先行詞是人時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞which與who/whom在定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作表語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，其先行詞可以是表示人的職業(yè)、身份、性格、才能等，但這里的人不是指具體的人；而who在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)（口語(yǔ)），whom在定語(yǔ)從句中只作賓語(yǔ)，who或whom代的先行詞是具體的人的名詞或代詞。
[典型考題]
�、伲�05湖北）Her sister has become a lawyer, ______she wanted to be.
A．who B．that C．what D．which
�、�(07北京)We shouldn’t spend our money testing so many people, most of _____are healthy.
A. that B. which C. what D. whom
解析：①D。此處的lawyer從表面看指的是人，但實(shí)際上是人的職業(yè)，并在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)be動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)。故用which。②D。先行詞people在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)介詞of的賓語(yǔ)，故用whom。
4. 關(guān)系代詞whose與which在定語(yǔ)從句作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：在“（介詞）+關(guān)系代詞+名詞”中，關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)，一般多用whose（即指人，也指物）；但若名詞是case, point, reason, fact, situation, time等抽象名詞用來(lái)總結(jié)整個(gè)主句的情況或句子的部分內(nèi)容時(shí)，作定語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞用which，結(jié)構(gòu)常見于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+名詞”。另外需要注意：物作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，whose+名詞=the +名詞+of+which 或of+which +the+名詞。
[典型考題]
�、�(05重慶)Mark was a student at this University from 1999 to 2003, he studied very hard and was made chairman of the students’ Union.
A. during which time B. for which time
C. during whose time D. by that time
�、冢�10山東）That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen.
A. that B. which C. whose D. What
�、�(08陜西)The man pulled out a gold watch, were made of small diamonds.
A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of
C. which the hands of D. the hands of which
解析：① A。此題考查在定語(yǔ)從句中during which time表示“在1999至2003期間”。② C�？崭裉幩x的詞應(yīng)該是引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句并且在從句中作parts的定語(yǔ)，所以使用whose。whose parts=the parts of which或of which the parts。③D。先行詞watch與定語(yǔ)從句中the hands構(gòu)成從屬關(guān)系，故結(jié)構(gòu)為：the hands of which或of which the hands或whose hands。
5. 考查關(guān)系代詞which與as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的異同。兩者都可并指代主句中的一部分或整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容，在從句中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等，位于主句之后。（1）下列情況多用which: ( I )在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是連系動(dòng)詞之外的行為動(dòng)詞；（II）非限制性定語(yǔ)從句用以對(duì)主句的意義進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充，前后不一致，出乎意料的；（III）非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后面充當(dāng)介詞的賓語(yǔ)等。（2）下列情況用as: ( I )在主句之前或插入主句之中用as；（II）表“如同……那樣，按照，正如”含義，這里的as主要起與上下文聯(lián)系的作用，表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的看法，并指出內(nèi)容、出處和根據(jù)等，常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有as we know(眾所周知)，as often happens (正如常發(fā)生的那樣)， as is often the case（情況常常如此），as is+announced/expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/reported (正如所……)等。
[典型考題]
�、伲�10四川）After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling， turned out to be a wise decision．
A．that B．which C．when D．where
�、�(06江蘇)The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, _______ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds.
A. who B. that C. as D. which
�、�(04江蘇) ______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
A. Which B. When C. What D. As
�、�(00北京春招) The result of the experiment was very good, ______ we hadn't expected.
A. when B. that C. which D. what
解析：①B。此處應(yīng)為which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，which代替前面整個(gè)句子。②D。從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞meant是非連系動(dòng)詞的行為動(dòng)詞，故用which。③D。關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句指代后面一個(gè)句子，且在此從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，故用As。④C。關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句指代前面一個(gè)句子，并在從句充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，由從句可知，前面一件事是出人意料，并作expected的賓語(yǔ)，故用which。
6. 考查關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞where,when,why的區(qū)別及關(guān)系副詞相互之間的區(qū)別：（1）可以用關(guān)系副詞where代替in which/on which/to which等表示地點(diǎn)的狀語(yǔ)，常見表地點(diǎn)的名詞既有“具體”的（如：place,school,family等）也有“抽象”的（如：point,situation,career,activity,job，stage，scene等）。（2）可以用關(guān)系副詞when代替on which/in which/at which/during which等表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，常見表時(shí)間的名詞既有“具體”的`（如：days,time等）也有“抽象”的（如：stay,occasion等）。（3）可以用關(guān)系副詞why代替for which表示原因的狀語(yǔ)（非限定性定語(yǔ)從句常用for which），此時(shí)其先行詞常是reason。但需要注意的是：若表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因的先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用關(guān)系代詞which,that或關(guān)系代詞的省略形式（作賓語(yǔ)）。
[典型考題]
�、伲�10福建）Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually.
A. that B. whereC. whichD. whose
�、冢�09四川）She’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
③(02上海春招)Is this the reason ＿＿ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. he explained B. what he explained
C. how he explained D. why he explained
解析：①B。先行詞planet在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，用關(guān)系副詞where或in which。②D。her stay為先行詞，可以理解為抽象的一段時(shí)間（她呆在那里期間），when指代her stay在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。③A。先行詞雖然是reason,但在從句中充當(dāng)explained的賓語(yǔ)，而非在從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)，故用he explained,省略了作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞。
二、考查定語(yǔ)從句中的“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)
1、考查該結(jié)構(gòu)中關(guān)系代詞的選用。若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)常用whom，指物時(shí)常用which。
[典型考題]
�、伲�09海南）She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before.
A. them B. who C. whom D. these
�、冢�10江蘇）The newly built café, the walls of_______ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work.
A. that B. it C. what D. which
解析：①C。在定語(yǔ)從句中代替先行詞friends作介詞of的賓語(yǔ)。故用關(guān)系代詞whom。②D。在定語(yǔ)從句中先行詞the newly built café作介詞of的賓語(yǔ)。故用關(guān)系代詞whom。
2、考查該結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選用。
�。�1）一般來(lái)說(shuō)，確定關(guān)系代詞前的介詞，可以從以下三方面入手：先行詞的意義；從句中的動(dòng)詞固定搭配；句子的意思。
[典型考題]
�、�( 08上海)We went through a period communications were very difficult in the rural areas.
A.which B.whose C.in which D.with which
�、冢�10山東） Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future.
A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which
�、�( 06陜西)She was educated at Beijing University, she went on to have her advanced study abroad.
A. after which B. from which C. from that D. after that
解析：①C。把從句補(bǔ)充完整：communications were very difficult in the rural areas in/during the period，可以判斷出此處用介詞in。此句中介詞的選用取決于先行詞period。②C。把從句補(bǔ)充完整： we may return to an ancient source of energy in the near future，可以判斷出此處用介詞to。此句中介詞的選用取決于從句中的動(dòng)詞固定搭配return to sth.。③A。主句與定語(yǔ)從句是先后關(guān)系，故用after which。。此句中介詞的選用取決于句子的意義
（2）表示“整體和部分關(guān)系”、“同位關(guān)系”或“所屬關(guān)系”，介詞常用of。常見結(jié)構(gòu)：（I）在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代詞或數(shù)詞的前后可以用of which/whom。（II）the +比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)前后用of which/whom等。
[典型考題]
①( 05全國(guó)I)I have many friends, some are businessmen.
A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom
�、冢�04湖北）There are two buildings , stands nearly a hundred feet high .
A．the larger B．the larger of them
C．the larger one that D．the larger of which
解析：① D。先行詞friends在定語(yǔ)從句中與some構(gòu)成所屬關(guān)系，故用some of whom或of whom some。②D。先行詞buildings在定語(yǔ)從句中與比較級(jí)the larger構(gòu)成所屬關(guān)系，故用the larger of which或of which the larger。
三、考查定語(yǔ)從句的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)
1.考查關(guān)于定語(yǔ)從句的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)。命題者主要通過(guò)定語(yǔ)從句的分隔考查動(dòng)詞形式的選擇和通過(guò)先行詞的定位，確定定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞及介詞+關(guān)系詞的選用�？疾閯�(dòng)詞形式的選擇主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面：定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的分隔時(shí)的主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞選擇；定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)從句中賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的分隔時(shí)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)主句定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)的分隔時(shí)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)一些固定句式的分隔時(shí)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
�、�(10上海)Thai is the only way we can imagine the overuse of water in students' bathrooms.
A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce
�、�(00全國(guó))The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see_____the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. carry out
�、�(10江西)The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister_____ she would stay for an hour.
A. where B. who C. which D. what
④（05山東）The country life he was used to ____ greatly since 1992.
A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed
�、�(07遼寧)You can’t imagine what difficulty we had ____ home in the snowstorm.
A. walked B. walk C. to walk D. walking
解析：①B。此處應(yīng)該用不定式。the only way to do sth表示“做……的唯一途徑”。作定語(yǔ)的不定式被定語(yǔ)從句we can imagine與被修飾詞分開了。解答此類題應(yīng)把定語(yǔ)從句去掉。②C。先行詞the plan作see的賓語(yǔ)，此處的see后是復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，carry out充當(dāng)the plan的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，并與其構(gòu)成被動(dòng)，故用carried out。解答此類題應(yīng)把先行詞還原到定語(yǔ)從句中去。③A。先行詞為centre, she would stay for an hour作定語(yǔ)，與其先行詞被介詞短語(yǔ)隔開了，該從句不缺賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ),故先行詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),故用where。為了保持句子平衡，定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞往往被介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞或謂語(yǔ)等分開，解答此類題，關(guān)鍵找準(zhǔn)先行詞。④B。這里的he was used to是省略了關(guān)系代詞的定語(yǔ)從句，change充當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，因與since連用的主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，同時(shí)主語(yǔ)是life,故用has changed。解答此類題應(yīng)把定語(yǔ)從句去掉。⑤D。結(jié)合題意和詞義，我們可以斷定句中的we had是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾其前的difficulty，很顯然，此題考查固定句式have difficulty (in)doing sth.。解答此類題應(yīng)把先行詞還原到定語(yǔ)從句中去看是否是固定句式。
2. 考查帶有插入語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞的選用。做此類題中時(shí)，把關(guān)系詞后的插入語(yǔ)（如：I believe,Ithink,I expect等）去掉進(jìn)行判斷。
[典型考題]
�、伲�05福建）—Is that the small town you often refer to?
—Right, just the one you know I used to work for years.
A．that B．which C．where D．what
解析：①C。you know是插入語(yǔ)，在解題時(shí)可以省略，可以看出the one指代the small town在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用where
3. 考查省略式定語(yǔ)從句。主從句主語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，有時(shí)可以省略一些成分，變成“介詞+引導(dǎo)詞+不定式”的形式。
[典型考題]
①（05湖南）Frank's dream was to have his own shop ____ to produce the workings of his own hands.
A. that B. in which C. by which D. how
解析：①B。題中的先行詞是shop,在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，即to produce the workings of his own hands in the shop=he can produce the workings of his own hands in the shop,故用in which,相當(dāng)于where。
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