選修6英語課文及翻譯
導(dǎo)語：選修是新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)改革中的一個(gè)名詞，是課程結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整中的一種課程類型。接下來我們一起來看看選修6英語課文及翻譯吧！
Unit 1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING 西方繪畫藝術(shù)的歷史
Art is influenced by the customs and of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones. Starting from the sixth century AD. The Middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD)
During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artistof this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.
The Renaissance(15th to 16th century)
During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life.At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they coule decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements.
One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence,oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous. Impressionism(late 19h to early 20th century)
In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal,from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many new inventions and social changes also led to new painting styles.
Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worke in Paris. The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. However, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it. They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.
Modern Art(29th century to today)
At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepeted as the beginning of what we call “modern art”. This is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways. There are scores of modern art styles,but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exsist. On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates n certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them. On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like photographs. These styles are so different. Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the future?
西方的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格經(jīng)歷了多次變革，而中國藝術(shù)所經(jīng)歷的變革則比較少。藝術(shù)受到人民生活方式和信仰的影響，而中國，和歐洲不同，它的生活方式在很長時(shí)期里都是相近的。西方藝術(shù)風(fēng)格多種多樣，在短短的一篇課文里不可能進(jìn)行全面的描述。因此，本文只談從公元5世紀(jì)以來少數(shù)幾種主要的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格。
中世紀(jì)（公元5世紀(jì)到15世紀(jì)）
在中世紀(jì)，畫家的主要任務(wù)是把宗教的主題表現(xiàn)出來。藝術(shù)家們無意于如實(shí)地展現(xiàn)自然和人物，卻著意體現(xiàn)對上帝的愛戴與敬重，因此，這段時(shí)期的繪畫充滿著宗教的信條。到13世紀(jì)時(shí)，情況已經(jīng)開始發(fā)生變化，像喬托這樣的畫家們開始以一種比較現(xiàn)實(shí)的風(fēng)格來畫宗教場景。
文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期（15世紀(jì)到16世紀(jì)）
在文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，新的思想和價(jià)值觀取代了中世紀(jì)的思想和價(jià)值觀。人們開始更多地關(guān)注人而非宗教。畫家們回到了羅馬、希臘的古典藝術(shù)理念上。他們力爭如實(shí)地畫出人物和自然。富人們想為自己的宮殿和豪宅收集藝術(shù)品，他們高價(jià)聘請著名藝術(shù)家來為自己畫相，畫自己的房屋和其它財(cái)物，以及他們的活動(dòng)和成就。
在此期間，最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一就是如何用透視法來畫出事物。第一個(gè)在繪畫中使用透視法的人是馬薩喬，那是在1428年。當(dāng)人們第一次看到他的畫時(shí)，還以為是透過墻上的小洞來觀看真實(shí)的場景，并對此深信不疑。如果沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)透視法，人們就不可能畫出如此逼真的畫。在文藝復(fù)興對期，油畫也得到了發(fā)展，它使得色彩看上去更豐富、更深沉。
印象派時(shí)期（19世紀(jì)后期到20世紀(jì)初期）
19世紀(jì)后期，歐洲發(fā)生了巨大的變化，從以農(nóng)業(yè)為主的社會(huì)變成了以工業(yè)為主的社會(huì)。許多人從農(nóng)村遷入到新城市。有著許多新發(fā)明，還有許多社會(huì)變革。這些變革也自然而然地導(dǎo)致了繪畫風(fēng)格上的變化。在那些突破傳統(tǒng)畫法的畫家中有生活和工作在法國巴黎的印象派畫家。
印象派畫家是第一批室外寫景的藝術(shù)家。他們想把一天中不同時(shí)間投射到物體上的光線和陰影呈現(xiàn)出來。由于自然光的變化很快，所以印象派畫家們必須很快地作畫，因此，他們的畫就不像以前那些畫家的畫那樣細(xì)致了。起初，多數(shù)人都討厭這種新式畫法，甚至還怒不可遏。他們說這些畫家作畫時(shí)漫不經(jīng)心、粗枝大葉，而他們的作品更是荒謬可笑。
現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)（加世紀(jì)至今）
在印象派作品的創(chuàng)建初期，它們是存在著爭議的，但是如今已被人們接受而成為現(xiàn)在所說的"現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)"的始祖了。如今，現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)風(fēng)格已經(jīng)有好幾十種，然而如果沒有印象派，那么這許多不同的風(fēng)格就不可能存在。印象派畫家?guī)椭囆g(shù)家甩新的方渙來觀察環(huán)境與藝術(shù)。有些現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)養(yǎng)砷象的，《祖就是說,；畫家并不打算把我們眼睛看到的東西如實(shí)地畫出來，而是集中展現(xiàn)物體的某些品質(zhì)特性，用色彩、線條和形狀把它們呈現(xiàn)出來。而另一方面，有些現(xiàn)代派的藝術(shù)作品卻是太現(xiàn)實(shí)了，它看上去就像是一張照片。預(yù)言將來繪畫藝術(shù)的風(fēng)格倒是饒有興趣的一件事。
Unit 3 Healthy Life 健康的生活
It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree at the end of the garden. I have just returned from a long bike ride to an old castle. It seems amazing that at my age I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon.Its my birthday in two weeks time and I ll be82years old! I think my long and active life must bedue to the healthy life I live.
This brings me to the real reason for my letter, my dear grandson. Your mother tells me that you started smoking some time ago and how you are finding it difficult to give it up. Believe me, I know how easy it is to begin smoking and how tough it is to stop. You see, during adolescence I also smoked and became addicted to cigarettes.
By the way, did you know that this is because you become addicated in three different ways. First, you can become physically addicated to nicotine, which is one of the hundreds of chemicals in cigarettes. This means that after a while your body becomes accustomed to having nicotine in it. So when the drug leaves our body, you get withdrawal symptoms. I remember feeling bad-tempered and sometimes even in pain. Secondly, you become addicted through habit. As you know, if you do the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it automatically.Lastly, you can become mentally addicted. I believed I was happier and more relaxed after having a cigarette, so I began to that I could only feel good when I smoked. I was addicted in all three ways, so it was very difficult to quit. But I did finally manage.
When I was young, I didnt know much about the harmful effects of smoking. I didnt know, for example, that it could do terrible damage to your heart and lungs or that it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant. I certainly didnt know their babies may have a smaller birth weight or even be abnormal in some way. Neither did I know that my cigarette smoke could affect the health of non-smokers. However, what I did know was that my girlfriend thought I smelt terrible. She said my breath and clothes smelt, and that the ends of my fingers were turning yellow. She told me that she wouldnt go out with me again unless I stopped! I also noticed that I became breathless quickly, and that I wasnt enjoying sport as much. When I was taken off the school football team because I was unfit, I knew it was time t quit smoking. I am sending you some advice I found on the Internet It might help you to stop and strengthen your resolve. I do hope so because I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have.
Love from
Grandad
親愛的詹姆士：
今天這兒的天氣很好。現(xiàn)在我正坐在花園盡頭的那棵大樹底下昵。我剛剛才回來，騎自行車跑了很長一段路，一直到了古城堡。感到驚奇吧，像我這樣的年紀(jì)，身體健康而且能在一個(gè)下午騎車跑20公里。再過兩個(gè)禮拜就是我82歲的生日了！我想我之所以長壽而且精力充沛，要?dú)w功于我的健康生活。
這就是我寫信給你的真正原因，我親愛的孫子。你媽媽告訴我，你已經(jīng)開始吸煙了，而且還很難把它戒掉。相信我吧，我知道，吸煙容易戒煙難。你知道，當(dāng)我還是一個(gè)十幾歲的孩子的時(shí)候，.我也吸過煙，而且還上了癮。這兒我想順便問你一個(gè)問題，你知道上癮有三個(gè)方面的原因嗎？
你會(huì)在身體上對尼古丁有癮，它是香煙里幾百種化學(xué)物質(zhì)之一。這就是說，過了一段時(shí)間以后，你的身體習(xí)慣了香煙里的尼古丁，一旦你的體內(nèi)沒有這種麻醉劑了，你就會(huì)感到不適、煩燥、甚至痛苦。你也可能因?yàn)榱?xí)慣的原因而上癮。你知道，如果你反反復(fù)復(fù)地傲同一件事情，你就會(huì)自動(dòng)地做它。最后，上癮還有心理上的原因。有的人認(rèn)為，抽了一支煙后，他就會(huì)感到輕松愉快，于是就以為抽煙才能使感覺良好。我想我之所以上癮是有著這三個(gè)方面的原因的，因此，要戒煙就很難。但是我終于還是戒掉了。
在我年輕的時(shí)候，關(guān)于吸煙的危害性我知道得并不多，當(dāng)時(shí)，我不知道抽煙能嚴(yán)重侵害人的心臟和肺部，也不知道吸煙的夫婦生育能力會(huì)下降。我更不知道，我自己吸煙還會(huì)損害那些不吸煙人的健康。然而我的的確確知道，我的女朋友覺得我的煙味很難聞。：她說載的呼吸我的衣服都有味道，我的手指頭都變黃了。她說在我把煙戒掉之前她是不會(huì)同我一起外出的。我也笨現(xiàn)我跑得不如以前那么快，也不像以前那樣愛好運(yùn)動(dòng)了。而當(dāng)我因?yàn)閯?dòng)作慢而被^足球隊(duì)除名之后，我^知道該是我戒煙的.時(shí)候了。
我把我從網(wǎng)上找到的一些忠告寄給你，也許對你戒煙會(huì)有所幫助。我的確希望你把它戒掉，因?yàn)槲蚁Ｍ隳芟裎疫@樣活得健康長壽。
愛你的爺爺
Unit 4 THE EARTH IS BECOMIG WARMER-BUT DOES IT MATTER? 全球在變暖會(huì)帶來什么影響嗎？
During the 20th century the temperature of the earth rose about one degree Fahrenheit. That probably does not seem much to you or me, but it is a rapid increase when compared to other natural changes. So how has this come about and does it matter? Earth cares Sophie Armstrong explores these questions. There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer(see Graph 1) and that it is human activity that has caused this global warmig rather than a random but natural phenomenon.
All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earths temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to produce energy. Some byproducts of this process are called “greenhouse” gases, the most important one of which is carbon dioxide. Dr Janice Foster explains: “There is a natural phenomenon that scientists call the “greenhouse effect”.This is when small amounts of gases in the atmosphere, like carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour, trap heat from the sun and therefore warm the earth. Without thegreenhouse effect the earth would be about thirty-three degrees Celsciu cooler than it is. So, we need those gases. The problem begins when we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.
We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatly over the last 100 to 150 years. It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made accurate measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997. He found that between these years the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere went up from around 315 parts to around 370 parts per million(see Graph 2) All scientists accept this data. They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. So how high will the temperature increase go? Dr Janice Foster says that over the next 100 years the amount of warming could be as low as 1 to 1.5 degrees Celsius, but it could be as high as 5 degrees.
However, the attitude of scientists towards this rise in completely different. On the one hand, Dr Foster thinks that the trend which increases the temperature by 5 degrees would be a catastrophe. She says, “ We cant predict the climate well enough to know what to expect, but it could be very serious.” Others who agree with her think there may be a rise of several metres in the sea level, or predict severe storms, floods, droughts, famines, the spread of diseases and the disappearance of species. On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view, believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air. They predict that any warming will be mild with few bad environmental consequences. In fact, Hambley states, “More carbon dioxide is actually a positive thing. It will make plants grow quicker; crops will produce more; it will encourage a greater range of animals-all of which will make life for human beings better.”
Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere. Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries. No one knows the effects of global warming. Does that mean we should do nothing? Or, are the risks too great?
在20世紀(jì)期間，地球溫度大約升了華氏1度。這個(gè)數(shù)值對你我來說很可能是無所謂的，但是跟多數(shù)自然變化相比較而言，這卻是一種快速的增長。這種溫度的增長是怎么產(chǎn)生的呢？會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么影響呢?"關(guān)愛地球"組織的阿姆斯特朗就在探究這些問題。
毫無疑問，地球是在變暖（見表一:略)。但是全球變暖的原因是人為的昵，或者僅僅是一種自然現(xiàn)象呢？對于這個(gè)問題存在著激烈的爭辯。
許多科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，人們?yōu)榱松a(chǎn)能量而燃燒化石燃料〖如煤、天然氣和石油等），從而引起了地球溫度的升高。這個(gè)升溫過程的副產(chǎn)品就叫做"溫室"氣體，其中最重要的就是二氧化碳。福斯特博士解釋說："你知道，有一種科學(xué)家稱之為‘溫室效應(yīng)’的自然現(xiàn)象。這種現(xiàn)象發(fā)生在大氣層中少量的氣體（如二氧化碳、甲烷、水蒸汽等）吸收太陽的熱量，因而使地球變暖的時(shí)候。如果沒有這種溫室效應(yīng)，地球的溫度將比現(xiàn)在的溫度還要低33攝氏度左右。因此，我們需要這些氣體。而當(dāng)我們因?yàn)闊剂隙勾蟆獙又性黾恿舜罅款~外的二氧化碳時(shí)，問題就來了。二氧化碳含量的增加意味著更多的熱量被困在大氣層中，從而引起全球溫度上升。"
我們知道，在過去100—150年期間，二氧化碳的含量急劇增加了。有一位名叫査爾斯奎林的科學(xué)家曾經(jīng)把1957—1997年期間大氣層中二氧化碳的含量作了精確的統(tǒng)計(jì)。他發(fā)現(xiàn)，在這些年里，大氣層中的二氧化碳含量從百萬分之315上升到百萬分之370。（見表二，略）所有科學(xué)家都接受這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)。他們還認(rèn)為，正是由于燃燒的化石燃料越來越多而導(dǎo)致了二氧化碳的增加。然而，科學(xué)家們在對待這個(gè)問題的態(tài)度上卻是大不相同的。福斯特博士說，在今后的100年里，全球變暖的量可能低到1—1.5攝氏度，但是也有可能高達(dá)5攝氏度。"我荽說，氣溫升高五度可能是一場大災(zāi)難。對于未來的氣候，我們不可能作出精確的預(yù)測，但是那時(shí)的天氣可能是很糟糕的。"多么糟糕呢？有人認(rèn)為，全球變暖會(huì)導(dǎo)致海平面上升好幾米,也有人預(yù)言會(huì)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的風(fēng)暴、干旱、饑荒、疫病和物種的絕滅。
在另一方面，還有一些人，像科學(xué)家喬治，漢布利，他們認(rèn)為我們不必?fù)?dān)心空氣中會(huì)有高含量的二氧化碳。他們還認(rèn)為，科學(xué)家對全球變暖的關(guān)注只不過是一種推測罷了。他預(yù)言說，變暖的情況不會(huì)很嚴(yán)重，対環(huán)境的影響也不會(huì)太壞。他實(shí)際上是這樣說的："二氧化碳含量的增加實(shí)際上是件好事，它使植物成長更快，莊稼產(chǎn)量更高，還會(huì)促進(jìn)動(dòng)物的生長——所有這些都能改善人類的生活。"
溫室氣體繼續(xù)在大氣層中聚集。即使我們開始減少二氧化碳及其它溫室氣體的含量，在未來幾十年或幾個(gè)世紀(jì)內(nèi)，氣候仍會(huì)持續(xù)升溫。沒有人知道全球變暖會(huì)帶來什么樣的影響。這是不是意味著我們就不必采取任何措施昵？還是說，這樣不采取任何措施危險(xiǎn)性會(huì)很大呢？
Unit 5 AN EXCITING JOB一項(xiàng)具有剌激性的工作
I have the greatest job in the world. I travel to unusual places and work alongside people from all over the world. Sometimes working outdoors, sometimes in an office, sometimes using scientific equipment and sometimes meeting local people and tourists, I am never bored. Although my job is occasionally dangerous, I dont mind because danger excites me and makes me feel alive. However, the most important thing about my job is that I help protect ordinary people from one of the most powerful forces n earth-the volcano.
I was appointed as volcanologist information for a database about Mount Kilauea, which is one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii. Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast. Our work has saved man lives because people in the path of the lava can be warned to leave their houses. Unfortunately, we cannot move their homes out of the way, and many houses have been covered with lava or burned to the ground.
我的工作是世界上最偉大的工作。我胞的地方是稀罕奇特的地方，我見到的人是世界各地饒有趣味的人。有時(shí)在室外工作，有時(shí)在辦公室里，有時(shí)工作中要用科學(xué)儀器，有時(shí)要會(huì)見當(dāng)?shù)匕傩蘸吐糜稳巳�。但是我從來不感到工作煩人。雖然我的工作偶爾也有危險(xiǎn)，但是我并不在乎，因?yàn)槲ｋU(xiǎn)能激勵(lì)我，使我感到有活力。然而，最重要的是，通過我的工作能保護(hù)人民免遭火山的威脅一這是世界上最大的自然威力之一。
我是一名火山學(xué)家，在夏威夷火山觀測站（HVO)工作。我的主要任務(wù)是收集有關(guān)基拉韋厄山的信息，這是夏威夷最活躍的火山之一。收集和評估了這些信息之后，我就幫助其他科學(xué)家一起預(yù)測下次火山熔巖將往何處流去，流速是多少。我們的工作拯救了許多人的生命，因?yàn)槿蹘r要流經(jīng)之地，老百姓都可以得到離開家園的通知。遺憾的是，我們不可能把他們的家搬離巖漿流過的地方，因此，許多房屋被熔巖淹沒，或者焚燒殆盡。
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