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初中英語語法知識學(xué)習(xí):否定句
對人或事物加以否定的句子稱為否定句。英語的否定句大都用not來表示否定,不同的句子又有不同的否定形式。
1.含有be的否定句
如果句子中含有連系動詞或助動詞be,句子的否定形式在be的后面直接加not。如:
He is not a student.他不是個學(xué)生。
We are not in the school.我們沒在學(xué)校。
I'm not good at English.我不擅長英語。
He was not late for school that day.那天他上學(xué)沒有遲到。
They were not doing their homework at that time.那時他們不是在做作業(yè)。
注意:
在否定句中,be與not可以縮寫。
is not→isn't;are not→aren't;was not→wasn't;were not→weren't
2.含有助動詞will,shall,would,have,has,had的否定句
如果句子中含有助動詞will,shall,would,have,has,had等,則在這些助動詞后面直接加not構(gòu)成否定句。如:
I have not been to the Great Wall.我沒有去過長城。
He has not finished his homework yet.他還沒有完成作業(yè)。
They will not have a meeting next week.下周他們不舉行會議。
We would not go there with them.我們不愿意和他們一起去那里。
注意:
在否定句中,助動詞will,shall,would,have,has,had可與not縮寫。
will not→won't;shall not→shan't;would not→wouldn't;have not→haven't;has not→hasn't;had not→hadn't
3.含有情態(tài)動詞的否定句
如果句子中含有情態(tài)動詞can,may,must,need,could等,則在這些情態(tài)動詞后直接加not構(gòu)成否定句。如:
We cannot speak French.我們不會說法語。
You must not put the bike here.你不能把自行車放在這里。
They could not play computer games then.那時他們不會玩電腦游戲。
You need not clean the room now.現(xiàn)在你不需要打掃房間。
注意:
在否定句中,情態(tài)動詞與not可以縮寫。
cannot→can't;must not→mustn't;need not→needn't;could not→couldn't
4.助動詞do,does,did與not構(gòu)成的否定句
在一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)和一般過去時態(tài)當(dāng)中,如果句子的謂語是實(shí)義動詞,那么其否定句就在實(shí)義動詞前加do not;does not;did not。do not和does not用于一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài),does not只用于主語是第三人稱單數(shù)的句子中;did not用于一般過去時態(tài)。do not可縮寫為don't,does not可以縮寫為doesn't,did not可縮寫為didn't。如:
They don't do housework at home.他們在家不做家務(wù)活。
He doesn't go to school on weekends.他周末不上學(xué)。
We didn't receive his letter.我們沒有收到他的來信。
5.沒有not的否定句
句子中如果有never,no,nothing,nobody,none,hardly,few,little,neither,too ...to ...等否定詞,則該句子被視為否定句。如:
There are no desks or chairs in the room.房間里沒有課桌和椅子。
Nothing in the world moves faster than light.世上沒有什么比光傳播得更快。
I have few friends in this city.在這個城市我?guī)缀鯖]有朋友。
He can hardly say an English word.他幾乎一個英語單詞也說不出來。
注意:
句中含有否定詞構(gòu)成否定句后,在反意疑問句中要用肯定式。如:
He has few friends here,does he?他這里幾乎沒有朋友,是不是?
6.動詞不定式的否定句
動詞不定式的否定句在動詞不定式前直接加not。如:
Mother asked me not to go out on Sunday.母親要求我星期天不要出去。
They decided not to go there.他們決定不去那里了。
注意:
如果動詞不定式是不帶to的不定式,在動詞原形前加not。如:
He made me not stay at home on weekend.他讓我周末不要呆在家里。
7.had better的否定句
had better是一個固定句型,意為“最好干某事”,其否定式在had better后直接加not。如:
You'd better not go with me.你最好不要和我一起去。
We'd better not play computer games.我們最好不要玩電腦游戲。
8.祈使句的否定式
祈使句的否定式在祈使句前直接加Don't。如:
Don't go out at night.晚上不要出去。
Don't look out of the window.不要向窗外看。
Don't cross the road when the light is red.紅燈亮?xí)r不要過馬路。
9.否定轉(zhuǎn)移的2種情況
(1)動詞的否定轉(zhuǎn)移
、傩问缴戏穸ㄖ骶涞闹^語,實(shí)際上是否定從句的謂語
當(dāng)動詞think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,feel等的主語是第一人稱,謂語動詞為沒有任何副詞修飾的一般現(xiàn)在時,它們的否定式實(shí)際上是對賓語從句的否定。表示說話者提出一種委婉的看法或主張。如:
I don't think that he will help us.我認(rèn)為他不會幫助我們。
I don't believe that he is right.我認(rèn)為他不對。
I don't suppose that he likes it.我想他不喜歡它。
、谛问缴戏穸ㄖ^語動詞,實(shí)際上否定復(fù)合賓語
當(dāng)動詞think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,feel,find的主語是第一人稱,謂語動詞為沒有任何副詞修飾的一般現(xiàn)在時,它們前面的否定式實(shí)際上是對復(fù)合賓語的否定。表示說話者所提出的一種委婉的看法或主張。如:
I don't think math difficult.我認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)不難。
I don't find the story interesting.我認(rèn)為這個故事沒有意思。
I don't expect so.我認(rèn)為不會。
注意:
動詞think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,feel在下列情況下,否定不轉(zhuǎn)移:
、龠@些動詞跟其他另一個動詞一起做并列謂語時,否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如:
I believe and hope he won't do that.我相信并且也希望他將不會那樣做。
I feel and admit that we are not foolish.我覺得并且也承認(rèn)我們并不愚蠢。
、谟糜谝蓡柧鋾r,否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如:
Do you think it is not going to rain?你認(rèn)為天不會下雨嗎?
Don't you believe that he has done a good thing?難道你不相信他做了一件好事?
、塾米鞑迦胝Z時,否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如:
Li Lei,I think,won't be angry with you.我想李雷不會生你的氣。
Tom,I suppose,won't be against it.我猜想湯姆不會反對。
Mike,I believe,hasn't seen the film.我認(rèn)為邁克沒有看這場電影。
、軇釉~前有其他副詞修飾時,否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如:
I really don't think it's necessary for us to go there now.我的確不認(rèn)為我們有必要去那兒。
I feel strongly that he shouldn't do such a thing.我深刻地感到他不應(yīng)該做那樣的事。
、輨釉~為非一般現(xiàn)在時或主語不是第一人稱時,否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如:
I thought that he wouldn't come back soon.我原以為他不會回來得這么快。
The girl didn't believe that he became a good boy.那個女孩不相信他變成了一個好孩子。
He thinks that he isn't fit for the job.他認(rèn)為他不適合這份工作。
He doesn't believe that what we told him is true.他不相信我們告訴他的事是真的。
⑥當(dāng)賓語從句中的否定為not ...at all,not a little,not a few,not enough,can't help等固定搭配時,否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如:
I think that he doesn't know it at all.我想他對那件事一點(diǎn)兒也不知道。
I suppose that it is not enough to remember the words if you want to learn the language well.我認(rèn)為如果你想把這門語言學(xué)好,那么只記單詞是不夠的。
I believe that you can't help singing our national anthem when you win the first place in the Olympic Games.我相信當(dāng)你在奧運(yùn)會上獲得第一名時,你會情不自禁地唱起國歌來。
、弋(dāng)賓語從句中有no,nothing,nobody,nowhere,hardly,seldom,little,few等否定詞或半否定詞時,否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如:
I believe that nothing can make me give it up.我想任何事情也不能使我放棄。
I think that no one can escape if the ship sinks in the sea.我認(rèn)為如果這艘船沉入海底的話,那么誰也逃不掉。
I suppose that he is a man of few words.我猜他是一個言語不多的人。
(2)謂語的否定轉(zhuǎn)移
有些句子形式上否定的是謂語動詞,實(shí)際上是對句子后面的狀語進(jìn)行否定。如:
Let's not talk about it here.我們別在這里談吧。
Don't read in the sun.不要在陽光下看書。
Don't talk with your mouth full of food.不要口里含著食物說話。
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