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考研英語(yǔ)作文常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤分析
【摘要】在英文寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中，學(xué)生們常常誤入歧途卻自己不能察覺(jué)。一些常見(jiàn)的寫(xiě)作錯(cuò)誤會(huì)出現(xiàn)在大部分考生的試卷上。比如審題不清，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)偏題或跑題；習(xí)慣漢語(yǔ)思維，逐字翻譯；用詞搭配不當(dāng)，張冠李戴；詞不達(dá)意，拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤嚴(yán)重；等等。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤主要有這些：
一、指代方面的錯(cuò)誤
在使用代詞it，he，this，that，which，one等時(shí)，前文中應(yīng)出現(xiàn)明確的先行詞。
如：Since we cannot know what particular bit of knowledge a child will need in the future，it is senseless to force him to learn it.，這句話中，him和it這兩個(gè)代詞都有明確的先行詞，分別是a child和knowledge，因此句子的含義非常清楚。
可是，不少學(xué)生在使用這些代詞時(shí)，雖然自己很清楚它們指代的是什么，但在作文中卻沒(méi)有交代清楚，結(jié)果這些代詞非但沒(méi)有使行文簡(jiǎn)潔，反而造成了意思上的模糊，讓閱卷老師不知所云。
誤：Sometimes teachers will inform students of the heavy burden they have to bear.
正：Sometimes the teacher will inform students of the heavy burden he has to bear.
【說(shuō)明】句1中的they既可指教師，也可指學(xué)生，屬指代不清的�？梢园阉鼈冎械娜我庖粋�(gè)改成單數(shù)名詞。因?yàn)閱螖?shù)名詞也可以泛指一類(lèi)。
二、修飾方面的錯(cuò)誤
修飾語(yǔ)應(yīng)緊靠被修飾的成分，并和它形成正確的邏輯關(guān)系。如果修飾語(yǔ)的位置不妥當(dāng)，就會(huì)造出模棱兩可的病句。
誤：To keep the air clean, we must move the factories which give off poisonous gases to the countryside.
正：To keep the air clean, we must move the factories to the countryside if they give off poisonous gases.
【說(shuō)明】句1要表達(dá)的是把有害氣體排放到農(nóng)村，還是把工廠遷到農(nóng)村去?顯然修飾語(yǔ)to the countryside的位置放錯(cuò)了。如句2改變一下結(jié)構(gòu)，就能清楚地表達(dá)要表達(dá)的意思了。
三、一致方面的錯(cuò)誤
在一個(gè)句子內(nèi)部或緊鄰的兩三個(gè)句子之間，要保持時(shí)態(tài)、人稱、數(shù)等的一致。
誤：Whether one enjoys or resents advertisements, we are actually bombarded with it every hour of the day.
正：Whether we enjoy or resent advertisements, we are actually bombarded with them every hour of the day.
【說(shuō)明】代詞應(yīng)與所指代的先行詞保持人稱和數(shù)上的一致。句1也可改成Whether one enjoys or resents the advertisement, he is actually bombarded with it every hour of the day.
四、平行結(jié)構(gòu)方面的錯(cuò)誤
這里專指語(yǔ)態(tài)、比較級(jí)、非謂語(yǔ)形式、冠詞用法、可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞、不定代詞單復(fù)數(shù)以及時(shí)態(tài)等錯(cuò)誤。
1、誤：Narrow streets easily cause to happen many traffic accidents.
正：narrow streets easily cause many traffic accidents. (to happen)
誤：A great change has been taken place since then.
正：A great change has taken place since then.
誤：But it may occur some new problems.
正：But some new problems may occur/arise.
誤：Opportunities are only belonged to those who work hard.
正：Opportunities only belong to those who work hard.
【說(shuō)明】happen，take place，occur，arise等動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞詞組一般既不能用作被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，也不能作為及物動(dòng)詞帶賓語(yǔ)的。但學(xué)生作文中類(lèi)似的錯(cuò)誤較多：Our country has taken place a great change in many fields.
2、誤：The pace of our modern life is getting more faster and faster.
正：The pace of our modern life is getting faster and faster.
誤：Electricity is the most important power in our daily life than other kinds of power.
正：Electricity is the most important power in our daily life.
誤：Thus our city will be greatly beautiful than it is now.
正：Thus our city will be far more beautiful than it is now.
【說(shuō)明】這些都是在使用比較形式時(shí)出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。尤其是第1例較普遍。如more easier，more stronger等。
五、斷句方面的錯(cuò)誤
一句句子沒(méi)有結(jié)束，又開(kāi)始新的一句，結(jié)果造成句子結(jié)構(gòu)不全，這就成為斷句。
誤：TV becomes an important part in our daily life. Because we cannot live without it.
正：TV becomes an important part in our daily life，because we cannot live without it.
【說(shuō)明】以because，since，if等引導(dǎo)的從句是不能獨(dú)立成句的，只能依屬于主句，所以不能寫(xiě)成另一句。
六、連詞方面的錯(cuò)誤
作文中缺少必要的連詞，或錯(cuò)用連詞的現(xiàn)象也比較普遍。
誤：One should improve his English，one should overcome difficulties in studies.
正：If one wants to improve his English，he should overcome difficulties in studies.
【說(shuō)明】學(xué)生在寫(xiě)作中往往意識(shí)不到連詞的重要，不善于使用連詞和連接副詞來(lái)明確標(biāo)示出因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系等。
七、搭配方面的錯(cuò)誤
學(xué)生作文中用詞搭配方面的錯(cuò)誤也占有較大比例。曾經(jīng)在一次六級(jí)作文閱卷中，近千篇作文在表達(dá)上海交通越來(lái)越擁擠這個(gè)意思時(shí)，幾乎沒(méi)有一篇用 heavier，大多數(shù)人用的是The traffic in Shanghai is getting more and more crowded，而traffic是不能與crowded搭配的。
1、誤：However the speed of a car is much faster than that of a bicycle.
正：However the speed of a car is much higher than that of a bicycle.
【說(shuō)明】speed只能和high，low，good，top，normal，fantastic，moderate，surprising等搭配，不能與fast，quick，slow搭配。但可以這樣說(shuō)A car is much faster in speed than a bicycle.
2、誤：In the past the price of milk was so expensive that most families could not afford it.
正：In the past the price of milk was so high that most families couldnt afford it.
【說(shuō)明】price只和high，low，inflated，moderate，minimum，original，popular，prevailing，published，reduced，reasonable等搭配，不能與expensive，cheap搭配，但可以說(shuō)In the past，milk was so expensive that most families couldnt afford it.
由此可見(jiàn)，要提高對(duì)詞語(yǔ)搭配的駕馭能力，除了要在平時(shí)的閱讀過(guò)程中多積累，還需要克服中文中諸如速度快、價(jià)格貴、學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)、人減少等搭配的影響，避免寫(xiě)出look book或see book這樣的笑話來(lái)。
八、誤用方面
學(xué)生作文中對(duì)詞語(yǔ)的誤用也相當(dāng)普遍，誤用詞語(yǔ)不僅不能準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)作者的意思，而且也會(huì)鬧出笑話。
1、誤：With the industrious development，there is a great need for different kinds of energy.
正：With the industrial development，there is a great need for different kinds of energy.
2、誤：Most big cities are plagued by traffic jams which effect our daily life.
正：Most big cities are plagued by traffic jams which affect our daily life.
【說(shuō)明】以上錯(cuò)句都是因?yàn)閷?duì)形容詞的辨析不清而造成的。Industrious是勤勞的，工業(yè)上的應(yīng)為industrial。effect一般用作名詞，其動(dòng)詞形式表示產(chǎn)生、實(shí)現(xiàn)，而這里的意思是影響，應(yīng)換成affect。
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